Week 1

Question 1

Adaptation

Answer 1

A change that allows for the subject to get used to new situation or environment

Question 2

Allostasis

Answer 2

The ability of the brain to strategize and monitors multiple things to meet future challenges

Question 3

Epidemiology

Answer 3

The study of if the distribution, manifestation, and determinants of health and diseases in different groups

Question 4

Etiology

Answer 4

The causes or manner of causes of a disease or condition

Question 5

Health promotion

Answer 5

Process by integrating environmental and social intervention in that increases control and improvement over people’s health

Question 6

Homeostasis

Answer 6

Steady state in the body, defines the “norm” of a person

Question 7

Laterogenic

Answer 7

Illness causes by medical examination or treatment

Question 8

Idiopathic

Answer 8

Any disease that arises randomly and unknown cause

Question 9

Primary prevention

Answer 9

Intervening before an illness occurs

Question 10

Secondary prevention

Answer 10

Aims to reduce impact of diseases or injuries that have already occurred

Question 11

Tertiary prevention

Answer 11

Soften impact of ongoing illness which has lasting effects

Question 12

Pathogenesis

Answer 12

Development of disease

Question 13

Pathophysiology

Answer 13

A disorder in function due to disease

Interaction between the change of normal physiology impacted by a pathology

Question 14

Pharmacology

Answer 14

Branch of medicine concerned with uses, effects, and modes of action of drugs

Question 15

Pharmacodynamics

Answer 15

Branch of pharmacology that focuses on effects and mechanisms (of action) of the drug

Question 16

Physiological

Answer 16

The functioning of a living organism or body part

Question 17

Risk factor

Answer 17

Higher chance of developing a disease

Question 18

Steady state

Answer 18

Stable condition that does not change overtime

Or when change in one direction is balanced by a change in the other direction

Question 19

Stressors

Answer 19

Internal or external factor that creates potential for physiologic, emotional, cognitive, or behavioural changes

Question 20

What amount of water is recommended for taking pills/tablets

Answer 20

8Ounces/1 glass/240 mL

Question 21

Phases of drug activity

Answer 21

1. Pharmaceutical
   2.pharmacokinetic
   3.pharmacodynamic

Question 22

What is the pharmaceutical phase

Answer 22

-this phase is when the drug is being prepped for absorption
Dissolved

Question 23

What is the Pharmacokinetic phase

Answer 23

This phase is when the drug is being transported from the site of admin to the circulation fluid

To be absorbed, distributed, biotranformed, and then excreted

Question 24

Types of drug coatings

Answer 24

Regular
Buffered or enteric polymers
Gelatin
Etc

Question 25

What is absorption? And how is solutes transported?

Answer 25

-movement of drugs from admin site to circulating fluid (determines time for effect of drug to occur)

-transportation of solutes depend on the: route of admin, nature of the drug.
Transportation method include passive transport or through facilitated, active transport, or pinocytosis

Question 26

Sites of absorption ?

Answer 26

-parenteral, enteral, topical (inc. mucosal), pulmonary

Question 27

Factors the affect absorption?

Answer 27

-circulation to site of admin
-absorbing membrane’s thickness and size
-drug composition
-solubility of drug (soluble drugs absorbs faster)
-route of admin
-ph of environment
-drug formulation
-dosage
- drug to drug interaction
Food-drug interaction
Acid drug absorbed best in acid
Basic drug is absorbed best in base

Alteration if ph of body tissues can impact absorption

Question 28

What can you do to increase absorption?

Answer 28

Massage site
Select more vascular site
Ambulate after admin
Alter ph
Increase temp at site

More concentration = rapid absorption

Question 29

Principles of ionization

Answer 29

Ionic: charged electrically. As a drug becomes more ionized, becomes more water soluble

Non-ionized: not charged. As a drug becomes more non-ionized it becomes more lipid soluble

Cell membranes are generally composed of more fat/ lipid

Question 30

What is drug ionization?

Answer 30

Acids are absorbed in acids because they are non ionized
Base are absorbed in bases because they are non ionized
Acid in a basic environment is ionized and therefore less able to absorb across membrane.

Why does this happen? Because drugs work best when they Self absorb in their own environment this enables them to be nonionized therefore more lipid soluble. When it is ionized it is more water soluble and cells are made up of more fat/lipid therefore hydrophobic. Need to use specialized transport

Question 31

What is the distribution phase ?

Answer 31

When drug moves from blood or circulating fluid to site of action

Question 32

How is medication distributed

Answer 32

Drugs are transported in body via blood
Greater blood flow to an area = higher concentration of drug being delivered
Lipid soluble agents are distributed throughout entire body tissues because there is no barrier

Question 33

How is the drug transported in the blood? What can’t it do while being transported?

Answer 33

It is transported by binding on to plasma proteins, when it binds it forms drug protein complexes. Drug binding does not allow for crossing capillary membranes as well as distribution of drug

Question 34

How is the process of distribution affected?

Answer 34

Blood supply
Drugs affinity to receptors
Ionization of drugs
Plasma protein binding (unbound drug will give desired effect)

Question 35

What’re the causes of uneven drug distribution

Answer 35

Plasma protein binding/tissue binding

Some drugs bind readily or reversible with certain tissues such as fat or bone. Fat and bone stores the drugs.

Elderly and obese people have a higher ratio of fat which means the action will be prolonged

diazepam is stored in fat

Question 36

What is metabolism (bio transformation) and where does it occur

Answer 36

Breaks down the drug so that it can be more easily removed from the body by forming water soluble metabolites, occurs in the liver

It is the process by which the structure (and function) of drugs, nutrients, vitamins, and minerals is altered

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