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week 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define normal behaviour

A

no 1 behaviour considered normal

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2
Q

What is abnormality, how is it defined and classified?

A

There is no one behaviour that can define abnormality, or single indicator for that matter.
multiple indicators of abnormality

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3
Q

What are the disadvantages of classification?

A

-depersonalised
-stigma
-labelling
-illness-first rather than person-first

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4
Q

What are the advantages of classification?

A

-nomenclature-naming system
-common language
-facilitate research
-insurance reimbursement

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5
Q

What are prevalence

A

-The number of active cases in a population during any given period of time, expressed in percentages or different types of prevalence estimates
-Point prevalence: estimated proportion of actual, active cases of a disorder in a given population at a given point in time
-1-year prevalence: estimate of the number of people who experienced depression at any point during the entire year
-Lifetime prevalence: estimate of the number of people who have had a particular disorder at any time in their lives

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6
Q

Research approaches

A

Benefits of research: learn about a disorder’s symptoms, prevalence, duration (acute, chronic), and accompanying problems
Acute: short in duration
Chronic: long in duration
Understand etiology (causes) and nature of disorder
Discover how to provide the best patient care
Remove biases in perception

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7
Q

Classification, diagnosis

A

clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior that reflects a dysfunction in the psychological, biological, or developmental processes underlying mental functioning.

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8
Q

sources of information

A

-Case Studies
Detailed accounts of individual patient behaviour
Based on observation
Subject to bias: writer decides what to include and omit
Conclusions have low generalizability (can’t be used to draw conclusions about other cases)
Can provide insights into unusual/rare clinical conditions
Can serve as a stimulus for research
-Self-Report Data
Participants asked to provide information about themselves
Examples include interviews and questionnaires
May be inaccurate: People lie, misunderstand the question, or want to present themselves in a certain way
-Observational Approaches
Collecting information without asking participants for it directly
Direct observation: outward behavior is recorded by trained observers
Biological variables can also be observed via technologically advanced methods
Brain imaging (fMRI)
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
Clinical research is often a mix of observational and self-report methods

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9
Q

deviance

A

definition changes with society

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10
Q

How does culture affect what is considered abnormal?

A

-Varies in the way different cultures describe psychological distress
-Can shape the clinical presentation of disorders
-Can influence the forms of psychopathology experienced by people in that culture

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11
Q

DSM

A

-No necessary or sufficient definition of ‘abnormal behaviour’
-Important to understand the assumptions the term contains, and the functional impact of the term
-DSM is sometimes called the ‘bible’ of abnormal behaviour, aims to classify discrete disorders using medical concepts like ‘symptom’ and ‘diagnosis’
-DSM is a work in progress, highly contentious and highly influential
-Keeping in mind limitations of the term ‘abnormal behaviour’ and related terms like ‘mental disorder’, ‘psychiatric illness’, informative to think about how many people have experiences and show behaviours that are captured by these broad, fuzzy, variable and ambiguous terms

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12
Q

Incidence

A

The number of new cases in population over given period of time; typically, lower than prevalence figures

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13
Q

correlational research,

A

Retrospective research strategies involve looking back in time
How the patients were earlier and what went wrong
Prospective research strategies involve looking ahead in time
Identify high-risk individuals and focus on them before any disorder manifests
Longitudinal design: a study that follows a group of people over time

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14
Q

internal & external validity

A

-External validity: extent to which a research study’s findings can be generalized
-Internal validity: extent to which a study is methodologically sound

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15
Q
  1. Psychodynamic interpersonally oriented therapies agree with classical psychoanalysis
    on the importance of:
    a. understanding the present in terms of the past
    b. focusing on the transference neurosis
    c. the transformation of sexual energy into neurotic behaviours
    d. the therapist being passive and imperso
A

A

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16
Q
  1. The additive model of the diathesis-stress theory proposes that:
    a. people with a very high level of a diathesis may need only a small amount of stress to
    develop the disorder
    b. people with a very high level of diathesis may need a very large amount of stress to
    develop the disorder
    c. someone with no diathesis will never develop the disorder
    d. someone with no genes for the disorder will never develop the disorder
A

A

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17
Q
  1. Stress tends to do what to telomeres?
    a. Increase their strength
    b. Decrease their strength
    c. Increase their physical length
    d. Decrease their physical leng
A

D

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18
Q
  1. For an adjustment disorder, the symptoms must appear within __________ months of
    the stressor.
    a. two
    b. three
    c. six
    d. nine
A

B

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19
Q
  1. The three “clusters” of personality disorders found in DSM-5 are grouped based on:
    a. similar etiologies
    b. level of dysfunction
    c. symptom or feature similarities
    d. expected prognosis
A

C

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20
Q
  1. Schizophreniform disorder is distinct from schizophrenia by:
    a. being shorter in duration
    b. involving discrete episodes of psychosis with full inter-episode recovery
    c. having an onset in childhood
    d. involving mild unusual ideas and/or perceptual experiences without full delusions or
    hallucinations
A

A

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21
Q
  1. Brandy tells her therapist that she hasn’t been enjoying life lately. She says that for
    the past couple of months, she hasn’t felt like doing the things she used to love to do. She
    has also lost a lot of weight and sleeps much more than usual, but still she feels tired all
    the time. She says she can’t concentrate on anything. However, she denies feeling sad.
    Brandy’s most likely diagnosis is:
    a. dysthymic disorder
    b. bipolar II disorder
    c. major depressive disorder
    d. no disorder
A

C

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22
Q
  1. Which of the following statements is supported by research on the role of genetic
    influences in unipolar disorder?
    a. The prevalence of mood disorders is two to three times higher among those with blood
    relatives who have clinically diagnosed unipolar depression.
    b. Twin studies do not consistently find evidence of an inherited susceptibility to depression.
    c. Genes play a more significant causal role in bipolar disorders than they do in unipolar
    disorders.
    d. Bipolar and unipolar disorders are equally heritable.
A

A

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23
Q
  1. What is the self-perpetuating cycle in conduct disorder?
    a. A genetic predisposition leads to a low IQ and difficult temperament, which leads to poor
    parenting and an insecure attachment, which leads to conduct disorder.
    b. A genetic predisposition leads to a difficult temperament, which leads to behaviour
    problems, which lead to parental overindulgence and lack of discipline, which leads to
    conduct disorder.
    c. A genetic predisposition leads to an easy temperament, but because of abusive parents,
    this leads to depression, which in turn leads to conduct disorder.
    d. A genetic predisposition leads to an easy temperament, which leads to parental neglect,
    which leads to anxiety, which leads to conduct disorer
A

A

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24
Q
  1. After learning of her father’s death, Sophie felt dazed and confused but still retained
    her sense of self. When speaking of her response to the news, she said she had felt like
    she was in a movie, watching the events happen to her. Despite this strange feeling, she
    understood what was happening and did the things that she needed to do. What can be
    said of Sophie’s response to her father’s death?
    a. Her response is not typical and suggests that she is suffering from acute stress disorder.
    b. She experienced an instance of derealization.
    c. She had a psychotic break.
    d. She experienced an instance of depersonaliz
A

B

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25
Q
  1. Which is the most common anxiety disorder?
    a. Specific phobias
    b. Social phobia
    c. Obsessive compulsive disorder
    d. Generalised anxiety disord
A

A

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26
Q

What Do We Mean by Abnormality?

A

Subjective DistressoIndividual suffers or experiences psychological pain
Maladaptiveness
oInterferes with our wellbeing and our ability to enjoy our work and relationships.
Statistical Deviancy
oIt something is statistically rate and highly undesirable, we are more likely to it abnormal
Violation of the Standards of Society
oMuch depends on the magnitude of the violation and how commonly it is violated by others
Social Discomfort
oDiscomfort or unease

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27
Q

Etiology

A

Causal relations

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28
Q

Neccessary Cause

A

Must exist for disorder to occur

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29
Q

any anxiety disorder lifetime

A

28.8%

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30
Q

any mood disorder lt

A

20.8%

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31
Q

any substance abuse disorder lt

A

14.6%

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32
Q

major depressive disorder lt

A

16.6%

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33
Q

alcohol abuse lt

A

13.2

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34
Q

specific phobia lt

A

12.5%

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35
Q

social phobia lt

A

12.1%

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36
Q

conduct disorder lt

A

9.5%

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37
Q

any disorder

A

46.4%

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38
Q

sufficient cause

A

condition that guarantees the occurence of disorder

39
Q

contributory cause

A

increases probability but does not guarantee

40
Q

Behaviorism was ________

a reaction to what the behaviorists perceived as a lack of scientific rigor in psychoanalysis.
a spin-off theory that elaborated on the psychoanalytic viewpoint.
a reaction to the lack of moral and spiritual factors in most theories at the time.
an attempt to focus on the thinking styles of people with mental illness.

A

a reaction to what the behaviorists perceived as a lack of scientific rigor in psychoanalysis.

41
Q

While having a gene for Parkinson’s disease guarantees that Parkinson’s disease will develop, this is not the only factor that can lead to Parkinson’s disease. In other words, the presence of the gene is a ________, but not a ________.
risk factor; sufficient cause
necessary cause; risk factor
contributory cause; sufficient cause
sufficient cause; necessary cause

A

sufficient cause; necessary cause

42
Q

According to your textbook, which of the following is most stressful to people and animals?
Constant stressors
Physical stressors
Predictable stressors
Uncontrollable stressors

A

Uncontrollable stressors

43
Q

Estimates of the prevalence of PTSD _________
have not been made.
indicate that most people who experience a traumatic event develop PTSD.
demonstrate that it is more commonly seen in women.
find that it rarely exists as a comorbid condition

A

demonstrate that it is more commonly seen in women.

44
Q

A core symptom of PTSD in DSM-5 is _________
panic attacks when remembering the trauma.
depression
development of stress-related diseases.
reexperiencing of the traumatic event.

A

reexperiencing of the traumatic event.

45
Q

James began having panic attacks immediately after his mother died suddenly. He worries consistently about having another one. As they became more frequent, he began to fear going into public situations where they might occur. Now he is unable to leave his apartment and has others go out to shop for him. Which diagnosis is most likely for James?

Social phobia
Panic disorder
Panic disorder and Agoraphobia
Generalised Anxiety Disorder

A

Panic disorder and Agoraphobia

46
Q

While there is much support for some elements of Beck’s cognitive theory,
it does not account for the known biological aspects of depression.
treatments based on his view of depression are not effective.
findings supporting it as a causal hypothesis are limited.
is does not account for sex differences in depression.

A

findings supporting it as a causal hypothesis are limited.

47
Q

Which of the following is a true statement about rapid cycling in bipolar disorders?
It is seen in men more than women.
It is seen in 5-10 percent of those with bipolar disorder.
Lithium may trigger a cycling episode.
It occurs in only those with Bipolar II disorder.

A

It is seen in 5-10 percent of those with bipolar disorder.

48
Q

In order of diagnosis, ________ occurs before antisocial personality disorder just as ________ occurs before conduct disorder.
conduct disorder; ODD
conduct disorder; ADHD
ADHD; conduct disorder
ODD; conduct disorder

A

conduct disorder; ODD

49
Q

Among children, the most commonly diagnosed disorders are______________________.

obsessive-compulsive disorder and conduct disorder
psychotic conditions such as schizophrenia
depression and phobic conditions
anxiety disorders

A

anxiety disorders

50
Q

Which of the following core dysfunctional beliefs might explain the development of histrionic personality disorder?

‘I need a man to define me.’
‘I am the only one I can trust.’
‘I am completely helpless.’
‘If I am not fun, they will abandon me.’

A

‘If I am not fun, they will abandon me.’

51
Q

The fear of abandonment is seen in both borderline and dependent personality disorder. A key difference is their reaction to it:

The person with borderline personality disorder gets angry, and the person with dependent personality disorder becomes submissive.
The person with borderline personality disorder goes to other people for a replacement, and the person with dependent personality disorder stays alone and sad.
The person with borderline personality disorder tries to resolve the issues rationally, and the person with dependent personality disorder is afraid to seek out new relationships.
The person with borderline personality disorder gets depressed, and the person with dependent personality disorder gets angry.

A

The person with borderline personality disorder gets angry, and the person with dependent personality disorder becomes submissive.

52
Q

One proposed revision for the DSM-5 pertaining to the diagnosis of personality disorders did not occur. Which change was this?
All existing personality disorders will be removed and only mood disorders will remain
You Answered
All existing personality disorders will be split into two sub-categories (chronic and intermittent)
A categorical approach will be used to achieve diagnosis
A dimensional approach will be used to achieve diagnosis

A

A dimensional approach will be used to achieve diagnosis

53
Q

Which of the following disorders is categorised as emotionally unstable personality disorder in ICD-11?
Antisocial personality disorder
Borderline personality disorder
Histrionic personality disorder
Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

A

Borderline personality disorder

54
Q

What is the significant difference between obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD)?
People with OCD are more perfectionistic than people with OCPD.
People with OCPD are less conscientious about their rituals than people with OCD.
Correct answer
People with OCPD do not have true obsessions or compulsions like people with OCD do.
People with OCD can do a compulsion once and feel better, people with OCPD never feel better, no matter how many times they do it

A

People with OCPD do not have true obsessions or compulsions like people with OCD do.

55
Q

Schizotypal disorder

A

mild form of schizophrenia,
odd eccentric behaviour,
few close relationships

56
Q

delusional disorder

A

functioning is not impaired significantly ,
behaviour seems regular
erotomaniac, grandiose, persecutory, jealous, somatic, mixed, unspecified

57
Q

breif psychotic disorder

A

hallucinations, delusions, disorganised speech or behaviour.
duration 1 day-1 month

58
Q

schizophreniform disorder

A

2+ symptoms,
between 1-6 months,
hallucinations, delusions, disorganised speech or behaviour. negative symptoms, reduction in emotional expression, lack of motivation(abolition).

59
Q

Schizophrenia

A

2+ symptoms,
6+ months
hallucinations, delusions, disorganised speech or behaviour. negative symptoms, reduction in emotional expression, lack of motivation(abolition). Affetcing ability to function, job, relationships

60
Q

schizoaffective disorder

A

illness, continuous, major depressive disorder and manic episodes

61
Q

substance-induced psychotic disorder

A

symptoms shortly after substance introduction

62
Q

point prevalence

A

currently with disorder

63
Q

incidence

A

the rate of occurrence of new cases of a given event or condition (e.g., a disorder, disease, symptom, or injury) in a particular population in a given period.

64
Q

diathesis-stress model of psychological disorders

A

psychological disorders result from an interaction between inherent vulnerability and environmental stressors

65
Q

Describe the 4 categories of biological factors

A

temperament, hormones/neurotransmitters, genetics, neural plasticity/brain dysfunction

66
Q

social factors that related to the development of psychological disorders

A

socioeconmic, employment, social change, stigma

67
Q

adjustment disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and acute stress disorder

A

Adjustment Disorder:
• Problems adjusting to a common stressor
• Symptoms within 3 months of a clear stressor
• Clinically significant behavioural or emotional symptoms
• Stressors include relationship breakdown, loss, unemployment, i.e, common stressors

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD):
• A core proximal cause of the disorder is trauma
• To understand risk of PTSD, must consider (a) risk of trauma, (b) risk of PTSD given trauma has been experienced
• Stress symptoms fail to abate normally
• Pathological memory of the traumatic event is established,
reexperienced involuntarily
• Duration more than one month

Acute stress disorder:
• Not meeting duration criterion for PTSD
• Diagnosis changes to PTSD if duration criterion is eventual

68
Q

How is PTSD diagnosed

A

Traumatic event had to be outside the normal range of human experience
• War, torture, rape, Nazi Holocaust, atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, natural disasters
• Traumatic events clearly different from painful stressors that are part of life (divorce, failure, rejection, serious illness, financial reverses, etc.)
• Adverse psychological responses to ordinary stressors would Adjustment Disorder in DSM-III
• DSM-IV (1994): Major change in focus from the stressor, to the person’s response
• Response must include ‘intense fear, helplessness or horror’ • Wider range of stressors recognised:
• learning about traumatic events experienced by others, being diagnosed with a life threatening illness, etc.
• Problem: very high rates of PTSD
• 60.7% of men and 50.3% of women experience situations that are
potentially traumatic (Kessler et al., 1995)
• 89.6% of people have trauma exposure + other symptoms, warrant PTSD diagnosis (Breslau & Kesler, 2001)
• Females much more likely to report the required emotional response than males

69
Q

What are the commonalities and differences between the different
anxiety disorders

A

Differ in
• the amount of fear/panic vs anxiety
symptoms
• in the focus of the concern.
Components of anxiety
• Physiology/Physical – e.g. Sweating, blushing, racing heart
• Behaviour – escape and avoidance
• Affect/Emotions – anxious, nervous
• Cognition/Thoughts – dysfunctional thought patterns

70
Q

What are some examples of sociocultural differences in anxiety disorders

A

• Social factors:
• Gender expectations – more socially acceptable for women
to exhibit fear
• Examples of sociocultural variation • Prevalence
• Symptom expression – e.g. ataque de nervios
• Focus of anxiety – e.g. taijin kyofusho

71
Q

Mood disorders common, span high prevalence and more rare severe presentations

A

USA- lifetime prevalence of MDD- 17%; 7% 12 month prevalence
Any mood disorder:
USA 9.5%; New Zealand 8% ( WHO, 2004, DSMIV mood disorders).
Bipolar disorder BP1- 1%, BP11-2-3%
MDD
sex differences Females :males 2:1
Cultural/race differences: Native americans> whites/Hispanics> African americans
SES differences : lower SES – higher depression
More life stress- higher depression.

BIPOLAR DISORDER
No sex differences
No cultural race differences
No SES differences

72
Q

Depression and mania not simple opposites, both are states of dysregulated motivation and emotion

A

Mood and affect
Depression: relatively unvarying low mood
Mania: variation in affect, euphoric, irritable, laughing, crying
Speech
Depression: flat, decreased rate, volume and quantity
Mania: extremely talkative, difficult to interrupt, loud, rapid

Cognition
Depression: negative view of self, world, future, suicide, guilt, death
Mania: self-confident, grandiose, accelerated flow of ideas, distracted
Judgment
Depression: excessive concern with life problems, overemphasize pathology, hopeless
Mania: disturbed insight, poor judgment
Behaviour
Depression: social withdrawal, anhedonia, fatigue
Mania: high activity level, excessive involvement in potentially high-risk pleasurable activities

73
Q

Evidence for some strengths, and a continuum between normality and mood disorder challenge a simple medical perspective

A

Answer

74
Q

Treatments that only treat the biological aspect according to a more medical model may not be as effective as fuller models that also incorporate consideration of psychosocial/cultural factors.

A

Answer

75
Q

Describe the presentation, prevalence, aetiology, and treatment of ASD.

A

1 in 150 – (2015 Australian Census Data)
1 – 2 in 100 as a ballpark figure
Prevalence of 1-3%
Male to female ratio in children: 3.5:1 (Loomes et al., 2017)
Male to female ratio in adults: 1.8:1 (Rutherford et al. 2016)
The ‘lost’ generation

Genetic & environmental factors likely to play a role in the aetiology of ASDs.

No empirical link found between the occurrence of Autism & MMR vaccine – see World Health Organisation (WHO).

Parenting – not causal

76
Q

Demonstrate the role that psychologists can play from a clinical and research perspective in the assessment and treatment of these two childhood disorders

A

unsure

77
Q

Explain how the understanding of psychological disorders among children and adolescents differs from that of adults with a focus on two common disorders of childhood - Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

A

unsure

78
Q

What are general requirements for the diagnosis of a personality disorder?

A

behaviourpatterns, inflexible, stable, impariing/distressing, 2+areas

79
Q

What makes it difficult to conduct research into personality disorders?

A

Notmuchknownaboutwhatcausesdevelopmentof personality disorders
• High level of comorbidity among disorders
• Relatively little prospective research has been conducted
• BiologicalFactors:infants’temperamentmaypredisposethem to developing particular personality traits and disorders

sychologicalFactors:
• Psychodynamic theories: an infant’s getting excessive versus
insufficient gratification of its impulses in the first few years of life
• Learning-based: habit patterns and maladaptive cognitive styles
• May originate in disturbed parent-child attachment relationships
• Parental psychopathology and ineffective parenting practices also
implicated
• Early emotional, physical, and sexual abuse may also be important factors
• SocioculturalFactors:socialstressors,societalchanges,and cultural values

80
Q

List the Cluster A, B and C personality disorders and describe the key clinical features of each.

A

A, schizoid, paranoid 4%
B, Narcissistic, antisocial, borderline 7%
C, Avoidant, OCD 3.5-4%

81
Q

Describe treatments for personality disorders.

A

ssri, DBT, mentalisation, transference focused

82
Q

Be sure to understand what the main symptoms of psychosis/schizophrenia involve.

A

Psychosis- • Psychosis involves a ones experience of reality being distorted
• Key symptoms include hallucinations and delusions
• Distressing and/or disabling
• They can often be in episodes, typically first onset in adulthood
• There are many DSM diagnoses in which psychosis occurs.

Schizophrenia-
Delusions*
• Hallucinations*
• Disorganised speech*
• Disorganised or catatonic behaviour • Negative symptoms
* One of the first three symptoms must be present

83
Q

Have a high-level understanding of aetiology (causes), e.g. what the main associated variables are.

A

• Pre- and perinatal variables increase risk • Prenatal viral exposure
• Season of birth effect
• Obstetric complications
• Substance use:
• Acute drug-induced psychosis
• Heavy long term cannabis or stimulant use
Stress
Family environment
societal factors

84
Q

gnetics of schizophrenia

A

Heredity
• Family history increases risk
• MZ:DZ concordance rate 47:10%
• Risk related to biological family in adoptees

85
Q

Know what the main treatments are.

A

Antipsychotic medication
• Service level interventions
• Hospital admission may occur during acute episodes • Specialist first episode psychosis services
• Community case management
• Long-term supported residential care for a minority
• Psychological/psychosocial interventions:
• Cognitive behavioural therapy for psychosis • Family intervention
• Psychoeducation, social skills training
• Cognitive remediation therapy

86
Q

Understand the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for ED

A

different types
Restricting type
Binge eating/purging type Sex ratio:
10 women: 1 man Prevalence:
0.1–1.0% (average 0.4%)
Subthreshold conditions more
common

Often preceded by 3-5 years of AN
Different Types:
Purging Vs non-purging types Sex ratio:
10 women: 1 man Prevalence:
1–1.5%
Subthreshold conditions more common

BED Prevalence: females: 1.6%; males: 0.8%
Prevalence higher for people in larger bodies Sex ratio less skewed

87
Q

Factors that often contribute to EDs.

A

Adolescents, particularly those with other mental health concerns u Individuals with a family history
u Women, and during key transition periods/where stress is increased u Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome or Diabetes
u Athletes, Dancers, Gymnasts, Models
u People seeking help for weight loss

sport, puberty, perfctionism, LGBTQ+

88
Q

Overlap between EDs and transdiagnostic model.

A

Transdiagnostic perspective focuses on common
features of EDs,
u That these disorders share core psychopathology not seen in other psychiatric disorders. (Over evaluation of weight and shape, and their control)
u This is supported by the movement between (i.e., diagnostic instability) different diagnostic categories, often experienced by people
u Most of this work has focused on AN & BN, and less is understood about BED given inclusion into DSM-5, and not prior
u Proposes that EDs are maintained by shared processes

89
Q

Variations in treatment models.

A

Family-based treatment (FBT)
u Enhanced Cognitive Behaviour Therapy
u Schema therapy for eating disorders
u Compassion Focused Therapy for Eating disorders.

90
Q

You need to be able to distinguish between depersonalisation/derealisation
disorders.

A

Depersonalisation:-experiences of unreality, feeling outside observer of one’s own body, thoughts, feelings, sensations, behaviours
Derealisation: experiences of unreality, detachment from one’s surroundings – individuals or objects are experienced as unreal, dreamlike, foggy, lifeless
Common experience -50-74% of us experience mild form once in our lives- when sleep deprived, severely stressed, sensorily deprived ( also when affected by substances).

91
Q

Describe the clinical features of dissociative amnesia.

A

Inability to recall previously stored information (retrograde amnesia)
The amnesia cannot be accounted for by ordinary forgetting
Memory loss is primarily episodic or autobiographical memory
Dissociative fugue is now a subtype

92
Q

Therapeutic alliance

A

Considered by some the core mechanism of change in psychotherapy
• Elements:
• Working together to solve a problem
• Agreement about goals of therapy
• Affective bond between patient and therapist involving empathy and hope
• Common factor model
• A confiding (usually) confidential healing
setting in which therapy takes place
• A set of procedures or rituals engaged in by the patient and therapist that leads the patient to enact something that is positive, helpful, or adaptive
• Performed within professional normative guides e.g., APS code of Ethics

93
Q

Therapeutic outcome influences

A

Therapeutic relationship, extent of productive working alliance
• Clinician’s training and experience: more experience associated with higher success rates (Johnsen & Friborg, 2015)
• Client’s attitudes, preferences, and adherence to treatment
• Clinical significance (effect size), not just statistical
• Contextual factors e.g.: culture

94
Q

Measuring effectiveness of psychotherapy

A

Most objective method of evaluating treatment success: personality tests, other instruments
• Clinician rating scales
• Observation
• Overt behaviours e.g. phobic avoidance, classroom behaviour
• Other ratings
• Clinician impression, family and client reports of change lack objectivity

Abnormal psychology (12 decks)

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