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Biochemistry > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four types of macromolecules?

A
  1. Carbohydrates: Polysaccharides → Disaccharides → Monosaccharides
  2. Lipids: Triglycerides → Fatty asides + Glycerol
  3. Proteins: Peptides → Amino acids
  4. Nucleic Acids: RNA and DNA → Nucleotides
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2
Q

What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic?

A

Prokaryotic: lack nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
Eukaryotic: Contains membrane-bound nucleus and organelles providing protection from chemical environment

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3
Q

What are the functions of the plasma membrane?

A
  • Separates the cell from its surrounding defining the boundaries
  • Selective permeability for nutrients and waste
  • Compartmentalizes enzymes and energy-producing/consuming reactions
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4
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

Site of glucose metabolism, fatty acid synthesis, protein synthesis

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5
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

The command center of the cell

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6
Q

What are the components of the nucleus?

A
  1. Nucleolus
  2. Nuclear membrane
  3. Nuclear pores
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7
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

Contains rRNA that transcribes and assembles ribosomal subunits for ribosomal production

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8
Q

What is the nuclear membrane?

A

Also known as the envelope, is a double membrane separated by a perinuclear space

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9
Q

What is the structures that provide DNA anchoring?

A

Lumina

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10
Q

What are nuclear pores?

A

Allows controlled passage of materials

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11
Q

What is protein synthesis and what are its components?

A

Replication: DNA in nucleus

Transcription: DNA to RNA

Translation: RNA to proteins

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12
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

Exists in cytosol and RER

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13
Q

What does ‘S’ mean?

A

Segmentation for the separation by size

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14
Q

What are the Smooth ER’s functions?

A
  1. Synthesizes lipids, phospholipids, cholesterol, and steroids
  2. Carbohydrate and steroid metabolism
  3. Glycogen breakdown
  4. Detox
  5. Calcium reuptake for muscles
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15
Q

What is the RER for?

A

Modifies proteins and provides quality control

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16
Q

What is the Golgi Complex?

A

Sorts and sends proteins to correct destination through secretory vesicles

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17
Q

What is the mitochondria?

A

Powerhouse of the cell, specialized for Krebs cycle, fatty acid oxidation, and ATP production

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18
Q

What is the process of chemiosmotic coupling?

A
  1. Uses high energy electrons from oxidation to pump protons generating a gradient
  2. Protons flow down gradient to power ATP synthase generating ATP
19
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

Degradation of macromolecules by hydrolysis caused by acidic hydrolase and proteases

20
Q

How do you activate lysosomes?

A

pH must be acidic

21
Q

What are the steps for lysosomal digestion?

A
  1. Endocytosed material mixes with lysosomal enzymes
  2. Proton pumps acidify lysosome
  3. Macromolecules are digested
  4. Small molecules diffuse into cytosol
22
Q

What are peroxisomes?

A

Contains a crystalline core of high concentrations of oxidative enzymes

Breaks down fatty acids and oxidizes ethanol

23
Q

What are the three major protein filaments that make the cytoskeleton?

A
  1. Microtubules
  2. Intermediate filaments
  3. Microfilaments
24
Q

What are microtubules?

A

Comprised of tubular making up mitotic spindles

25
Q

What are intermediate filaments?

A

Comprised of heterogeneous polypeptides providing strong cell structure

26
Q

What are microfilaments?

A

Comprised of actin providing rigidity

27
Q

Describe the movement of proteins through the RER and Golgi

A

Nucleus → Ribosome → RER → Cis golgi → median golgi → trans golgi → vesicle → lysosome

28
Q

Why is water considered the solvent of life?

A

Water has the ability to dissolve ionic compounds by overcoming the electrostatic attraction between ions through solvation

29
Q

More hydrophobic correlates with what?

A

The number of binding sites for water

30
Q

What is the difference between hydrophilic and hydrophobic

A

Hydrophilic is polar and soluble to water, while hydrophobic is non-polar sparingly dissolving in water

31
Q

What is an amphipathic compound?

A

Compounds such as phospholipids contains both hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups interacting with water through hydrophobic interactions

32
Q

What is hydrophobic interactions?

A

The interactions of nonpolar or nonsoluable molecules in an aqueous solution

33
Q

What is a common example of the hydrophobic effect?

A

Micelles are comprised of a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail.

34
Q

What is the purpose of hydrophobic interaction?

A
  1. Protein folding
  2. Protein-protein association
  3. Formation of lipid micelles and bilayers
  4. Binding to steroid hormones
  5. Substrate-enzyme interactions
35
Q

What is importance of non-covalent drugs?

A
  • Drug is enough to help the body, but not enough to cause toxicity
  • Anti-fugal and chemotherapy are drugs of toxicity because they aren’t human cells (covalent)
  • Does not share pair of electrons making them weaker, less entropy
36
Q

What are van de Waals interactions?

A
  • They are the weakest interactions between atoms
  • London dispersion is attractive
  • Steric is repulsive
37
Q

What does it mean to be polarized?

A

The pull of electrons from one way to another

38
Q

What are ionic interactions?

A

Weak interactions between opposite charged ions

39
Q

What is the importance of hydrogen bonding?

A

Stabilizing the overall structure of nucleic acids and proteins

40
Q

What are the rankings for intermolecular bonding?

A

Covalent > ionic > hydrogen > van der Walls > dipole-dipole

41
Q

What is difference between acids and bases?

A

Acids donates protons while bases accepts protons

42
Q

When would the weak acid predominate?

A

When the pKa is greater than the pH and the substance is protonated

43
Q

When does the conjugate base predominates?

A

When the pH is greater than the pKa when the proton is released and substance is deprotonated

44
Q

Differenciate monoprotic and polyprotic

A
  • mono release on proton having one Ka and pKa
  • di has 2
  • poly has multiple

Biochemistry (16 decks)

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