Week 1 Flashcards
What are the four types of macromolecules?
- Carbohydrates: Polysaccharides → Disaccharides → Monosaccharides
- Lipids: Triglycerides → Fatty asides + Glycerol
- Proteins: Peptides → Amino acids
- Nucleic Acids: RNA and DNA → Nucleotides
What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic?
Prokaryotic: lack nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
Eukaryotic: Contains membrane-bound nucleus and organelles providing protection from chemical environment
What are the functions of the plasma membrane?
- Separates the cell from its surrounding defining the boundaries
- Selective permeability for nutrients and waste
- Compartmentalizes enzymes and energy-producing/consuming reactions
What is the cytoplasm?
Site of glucose metabolism, fatty acid synthesis, protein synthesis
What is the nucleus?
The command center of the cell
What are the components of the nucleus?
- Nucleolus
- Nuclear membrane
- Nuclear pores
What is the nucleolus?
Contains rRNA that transcribes and assembles ribosomal subunits for ribosomal production
What is the nuclear membrane?
Also known as the envelope, is a double membrane separated by a perinuclear space
What is the structures that provide DNA anchoring?
Lumina
What are nuclear pores?
Allows controlled passage of materials
What is protein synthesis and what are its components?
Replication: DNA in nucleus
Transcription: DNA to RNA
Translation: RNA to proteins
What are ribosomes?
Exists in cytosol and RER
What does ‘S’ mean?
Segmentation for the separation by size
What are the Smooth ER’s functions?
- Synthesizes lipids, phospholipids, cholesterol, and steroids
- Carbohydrate and steroid metabolism
- Glycogen breakdown
- Detox
- Calcium reuptake for muscles
What is the RER for?
Modifies proteins and provides quality control
What is the Golgi Complex?
Sorts and sends proteins to correct destination through secretory vesicles
What is the mitochondria?
Powerhouse of the cell, specialized for Krebs cycle, fatty acid oxidation, and ATP production
What is the process of chemiosmotic coupling?
- Uses high energy electrons from oxidation to pump protons generating a gradient
- Protons flow down gradient to power ATP synthase generating ATP
What are lysosomes?
Degradation of macromolecules by hydrolysis caused by acidic hydrolase and proteases
How do you activate lysosomes?
pH must be acidic
What are the steps for lysosomal digestion?
- Endocytosed material mixes with lysosomal enzymes
- Proton pumps acidify lysosome
- Macromolecules are digested
- Small molecules diffuse into cytosol
What are peroxisomes?
Contains a crystalline core of high concentrations of oxidative enzymes
Breaks down fatty acids and oxidizes ethanol
What are the three major protein filaments that make the cytoskeleton?
- Microtubules
- Intermediate filaments
- Microfilaments
What are microtubules?
Comprised of tubular making up mitotic spindles
What are intermediate filaments?
Comprised of heterogeneous polypeptides providing strong cell structure
What are microfilaments?
Comprised of actin providing rigidity
Describe the movement of proteins through the RER and Golgi
Nucleus → Ribosome → RER → Cis golgi → median golgi → trans golgi → vesicle → lysosome
Why is water considered the solvent of life?
Water has the ability to dissolve ionic compounds by overcoming the electrostatic attraction between ions through solvation
More hydrophobic correlates with what?
The number of binding sites for water
What is the difference between hydrophilic and hydrophobic
Hydrophilic is polar and soluble to water, while hydrophobic is non-polar sparingly dissolving in water
What is an amphipathic compound?
Compounds such as phospholipids contains both hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups interacting with water through hydrophobic interactions
What is hydrophobic interactions?
The interactions of nonpolar or nonsoluable molecules in an aqueous solution
What is a common example of the hydrophobic effect?
Micelles are comprised of a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail.
What is the purpose of hydrophobic interaction?
- Protein folding
- Protein-protein association
- Formation of lipid micelles and bilayers
- Binding to steroid hormones
- Substrate-enzyme interactions
What is importance of non-covalent drugs?
- Drug is enough to help the body, but not enough to cause toxicity
- Anti-fugal and chemotherapy are drugs of toxicity because they aren’t human cells (covalent)
- Does not share pair of electrons making them weaker, less entropy
What are van de Waals interactions?
- They are the weakest interactions between atoms
- London dispersion is attractive
- Steric is repulsive
What does it mean to be polarized?
The pull of electrons from one way to another
What are ionic interactions?
Weak interactions between opposite charged ions
What is the importance of hydrogen bonding?
Stabilizing the overall structure of nucleic acids and proteins
What are the rankings for intermolecular bonding?
Covalent > ionic > hydrogen > van der Walls > dipole-dipole
What is difference between acids and bases?
Acids donates protons while bases accepts protons
When would the weak acid predominate?
When the pKa is greater than the pH and the substance is protonated
When does the conjugate base predominates?
When the pH is greater than the pKa when the proton is released and substance is deprotonated
Differenciate monoprotic and polyprotic
- mono release on proton having one Ka and pKa
- di has 2
- poly has multiple
