Week 1 Flashcards
Classification of carbohydrates
-monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Oligosaccharides
Polysaccharides
Oligosaccharides
3-9 sugars linked together
Imperial formula of simple sugars
(CH2O)n
Hexoses with the most biological importance
D-glucose
D-fructose
D-galactose
What is D-galactose
It is an aldose which differs to D-glucose only in its configuration oat carbon atom 4
Name examples of monosaccharides
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
Reducing sugars
Sugars capable of reducing oxidizing agents
Glucose
It is a monosaccharide with six carbons
The alpha glucose has the OH group downwards on the first carbon.
And the beta glucose has the OH group upwards
Fructose
It a monosaccharide with 5 carbons
It is a keto-hexose
It forms a ketone group in its linear form
Galactose
It is a monosaccharide with six carbons
It is an Aldo-hexoses just like glucose
It forms aldehyde in its linear form
Glycosidic bond
A bond that links together the monosaccharides (simple sugars)
A ketone or aldehyde group react with the hydroxyl group with the loss of water molecule
Sucrose
It is a disaccharide
It is made up of glucose and galactose
It is sugar cane
It is a reducing sugar
Glucosans
Units of glucose that makes up polysaccharide
As they contain 25-2500 glucose units linked together
Starch
It is a polysaccharide
It consists of 25-2500 of units of glucose linked together
It consists of two types of glucosans, Amyloses and Amylopectins
Amyloses
It’s a type of glucosan
It is long and unbranched
It has 25-300 glucose units linked together
It is linked by alpha-1,4 glycosidic linkages
Amylopectin
It is a glucosan It is branched It has 1000 or more glucose units linked together Branch points are alpha-1,6 linkages Chain is joined by alpha-1,4 linkages
Glycogen
It is a polysaccharide in animal cells
It is brached polysaccharide
It consists of 8-12 glucose linkages
It is joined by initial 1,6 glycosidic linkages
It is found in the liver, intestine, skeletal muscles and kidney
break down of carbohydrates
In the mouth by saliva
Saliva contains enzyme called amylase
Then it is also broken down in the stomach by gastric protease and lipases
Chyme is produced
Anaerobic glycolysis
When oxygen is absent
Lactate is produced
Aerobic glycolysis
Oxygen is present
Pyruvate is produced
Phases of glycolysis
It is has two phases
Phase 1 is the investment phase where energy is being consumed. ATP is required (1-5) steps
Phase 2
It is the pay off Phase where energy is being produced in the form of ATP
(1-6 steps)
Products of glycolysis
2ATP 2NADH 2pyruvate 2H+ 2H2O
10 steps of glycolysis
1 Hexokinase 2phosphohexose isomerase 3 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase 4 Aldolase 5 Triose phosphate Isomerase 6 Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate deh ydrogenase 7 Phosphoglycerate kinase 8 9 10
Step 1 glycolysis
It is called hexokinase
This step glucose is converted into glucose-6-phosphate by process of phosphorylation
ATP donates it’s phosphate to glucose ,hexokinase is the enzyme that is responsible for that
ATP is automatically converted into ADP
