Week 1 Flashcards
Identify the functional characteristics of human life.
Movement
Respire=acquire energy and convert one form to another
Stimuli=respond and sense environment
Growth
Reproduction=reproduce grow develop and die
Excrete=remove waste and maintain homeostasis
Nutrients=opens systems=exchange with environment to gain nutrients
Describe the structure of the body, from simplest to most complex, in terms of the six levels of organisation.
atoms->molecules->cells->tissues->organs->systems->organism
Introduce the concept of homeostasis and explain its importance to normal human functioning in the context of organ
systems.
Process to ensure certain conditions in body remain unchanged to regulate internal environment from external threats. This includes: BP, temperature and fluid balance
Distinguish between anatomy and physiology, and identify the branches of each discipline.
Anatomy looks at body structure
Subsets of anatomy: Surface anatomy (topographic body), Systemic anatomy (system collaboration), Microscopic anatomy (histology), Developmental anatomy (embryonic growth), Clinical anatomy (looking at how the disease may change its structure), Comparative anatomy (different animals)
Physiology looks at body function and various mechanisms which carry it out
Subsets: cell physiology, pathological physiology, systemic physiology
(lower limb) Use appropriate anatomical terminology to identify key body structures body regions
FRONT femoral-front thigh patellar-front knee crural-front calf tarsal-ankle dorsal(foot) top of foot hallux-big toe digital(phalangeal)-toes BACK popliteal-back of knee back of calf-sural back of foot-calcaneal bottom of foot-plantar
(abdomen) Use appropriate anatomical terminology to identify key body structures body regions
FRONT -from clavicle to ribs-thoracic -pecks-mammary -ribs to hips-abdominal -belly button-umbilical -hips to start of legs-pelvic -crotch fold-inguinal BACK -back of shoulder-scapular -upper end vetebra-dorsal -lower end of vertabra-lumbar -tailbone-sacral -gluteal-butt
(upper limb) Use appropriate anatomical terminology to identify key body structures body regions
FRONT palms facing -armpit-auxillary -humerus-brachial -front side of elbow-cubital -lower end of arm-antebrachial -wrist-carpal -hand-palmer -thumb-pollex -digital phalangeal-fingers BACK-palms face away -top of shoulder-acromial -elbow side-olecranal -dorsal-hand
(facial) Use appropriate anatomical terminology to identify key body structures body regions
- forehead-frontal
- head to neck-cephalic
- above eyebrows to top-cranial
- below eyebrows to neck-facial
- chin-mental
- nose-nasal
- eyes-ocular
- ears-otic
- cheek-buccal
- mouth-oral
- neck-cervical
(CT) Compare and contrast medical imaging techniques in terms of their function and use in medicine.
Computed Tomography -different angled cross sections -more detail than X rays -oncology diagnostics, preoperative planning -IV contrast high allergy rate and uses lots of ionizing radiation MRI Ultrasound X ray Nuclear Medicine
(X ray) Compare and contrast medical imaging techniques in terms of their function and use in medicine.
X ray
- static image
- used in ICUE or ED as cheap and convenient
- more dense structure more white (radiopaque-most white, semiradiopaque middle, radiolucent-least)
- radiation risk
(Ultrasound) Compare and contrast medical imaging techniques in terms of their function and use in medicine.
-transducer probe transmit sound wave and record echo forming image
-good for soft tissue but air and calcification have strong lines
cheap, safe, accessible, mobile
-limited in how fast waves go
(MRI) Compare and contrast medical imaging techniques in terms of their function and use in medicine.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
-greater detail than CT
-in a strong magnetic field all protons align with allowing the radio frequency pulse to be transmitted, disrupting the protons
-once the pulse is started the protons will return to be aligned bit the rate at which they do will be different per tissue type
-no ionising radiation
-uncomfortable, not done for pregnant people
-hyperintense-brighter than thing we compare to, hypointense-darker, isointense-equal
-T1-high fat, skin
T2-high fat AND water
(Nuclear medicine) Compare and contrast medical imaging techniques in terms of their function and use in medicine.
- radioactive isotopes to assess function and diagnose
- PET scan-Positron emission tomography-emit radio tracer through body which accumulate more in metabolically active areas (warmer colours)
- radiation risk
- used for pulmonary emboli, PET scans, Thyroid scans
Briefly describe the biopsychosocial model of health and illness and why it is important.
-biological, psychological and environmental and
social and cultural factors all intertwine and that they’re key to understanding a person in a holistic
way
Describe the role of pathology in medicine and the various sub-specialties.
Pathology involves a focus on: Predisposing factors Cause of disease Mechanism development (pathogenesis) Patterns and complications
Pathology varies in focuses such as: Anatomical chemical/clinical biochemistry (analyse bodily fluids) Molecular forensic
Understand that inflammation is an inherent protective response of the body to injurious agents.
- inflammation body response to injury to send immune cells to destroy pathogens and debris
- outcome varies due to tissue type, extend of damage and type and circumstance of injury
- could lead to pus formation, abscess, fibrosis(scar tissue or chronic inflammation)
Explain the structure and function of the different macromolecule constituents of eukaryotic cells (nuclei acids, proteins, lipids
and carbohydrates).
- body made of organic molecules= any compounds with -C, H
- carbohydrates (CHO)-primary energy source
- proteins (CHON and maybe P and S)- structure, movement, transport, catalyst, metabolism, coordination, immunity
- lipids (CHO)-energy messaging and cell structure
- nucleic acid (CHONP)-transmit genetic information
Describe the basic principles of molecular interactions, chemical bonds and reactions
- Bonds=attractive forces linking atoms and ions together to achieve stability
- Covalent-share electrons
- Ionic-transfer electron
- Metallic-share electron between METALS ONLY
(BG) Provide examples of regulated variables that are maintained via negative feedback mechanisms
Increase in glucose conc detected by beta cells of pancreas enable secretion of insulin in the pancreas which acts on target cells of liver, fat and muscles that store glucose in form of glycogen-> decreasing concentration
Low glucose conc detected by alpha cells in pancreas enable secretion of glucagon that trigger the breakdown of glycogen and release it into the blood
(thermoregulation) Provide examples of regulated variables that are maintained via negative feedback mechanisms
-If too cold: Sweat production stops, Erectapili muscles contract to form goosebumps via piloerectio, Skin arterioles constrict to reroute blood to warmer core of body conserving heat, Hypothalamus trigger shivering increasing heat production via more cellular respiration in muscles
-Too hot: If thermoreceptors in the hypothalamus (temperature control centre) or skin detect a temperature above 37.2 degrees, signals are sent to the homeostatic control centre command to smooth muscles in blood vessel walls in skin to dilate, increasing blood flow near the body’s surface allowing heat loss via convection and conduction
Sweat glands accelerate secretion enabling the skin to lose heat to environment Erectopili muscles on skin enable hair to relax, increasing air flow and heat loss via convection
-Negative feedback-stimulus inhibits response
(fluid and electrolytes) Describe the mechanisms for homeostasis of elements inside the cell, with a particular emphasis on fluid balance,
electrolytes, blood pressure and acid-base balance
- lots of electrolytes increase plasma osmolality and decrease BP
- Osmoreceptors stimulate thirst mechanism and enable ADH to bind to kidney collecting ducts and divert water into BV using aquaporins
- more concentrated urine in small volume and increase in BP and blood volume
(BP) Describe the mechanisms for homeostasis of elements inside the cell, with a particular emphasis on fluid balance,
electrolytes, blood pressure and acid-base balance
-ADH also binds to smooth muscle increasing Ca in cell enabling BP to increase via vasoconstriction
-Renin angiotensin aldosterone system increases renin synthesis s that makes protein to form angiotensin 2 to stimulate ADH and sterone production
aldosterone increases Na and water reabsorption and excretion of K resulting in increase in BV and BP
-if K levels too high it heart cells release atrial natriuretic peptic to inhibit aldosterone so decrease water and sodium reabsorption and decrease BP and BV
Provide an understanding of the control of pH for the cell
-conversion of strong acids/bases to weak acids bases
-bicarbonate/CO2-buffers blood and interstitial fluid
-CO2 when dissolved in water forms HCO3 which is converted to H+ and bicarbonate
carbonic anhydrase converts
-CO2+ water to bicarbonate and vice versa to speed up process
-get rid of bicarbonate by converting to CO2 and water to be exhaled
Name and describe the three main parts of a cell.
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
Explain the structure and contents of the nucleus
- nuclear pore allow communication
- nucleus has genetic material, controls gene expression and make mRNA
- nucleolus-site of rRNA synthesis, ammebranous, only visible if actively making protein
Describe the structure of the cytoskeleton and the role of microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments
-Cytoskeleton is continuously growing and being remodelled to enable cell to move and fit through spaces due to filamentous proteins
3 types of main proteins actin filaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments
Microfilaments made of actin monomers in double helical structure In charge of movement, cell chape, transport, cytokinesis
Intermediate filaments intermediate size In charge of cell shape, anchor organelles, nuclear lamina, cell-cell junctions
Microtubule are largest of the filaments-Made of tubulin in charge of cell division, centrosomes transport of organelles and chromosomes and formation of flagella and cillia
Rough vs Smooth ER
Smooth ER-no ribosomes
Detoxifies and makes fatty acids and steroids specialized function depending on cell type
Rough ER makes proteins that may be sent outside of cell
Ribosomes on ER to make it easy to access protein which is in primary form, Rough ER folds the protein
Describe the properties and function of the extracellular matrix.
“The ECM is an intricate meshwork of fibrous proteins embedded in a watery, gel-like substance composed of complex carbohydrates to glue cells with neighbouring cells without direct contact”
-watery gel-interstitial fluid for the diffusion of nutrients, wastes, and other water-soluble
traffic between the blood and tissue cells
-three major
-types of protein fibres woven through the gel are collagen,
elastin, and fibronectin
Outline Principles of Infection Control within the healthcare setting.
Hand hygiene.
Use of personal protective equipment (e.g., gloves, masks, eyewear).
Respiratory hygiene / cough etiquette.
Sharps safety (engineering and work practice controls).
Safe injection practices (i.e., aseptic technique for parenteral medications).
Sterile instruments and devices.
Clean and disinfected environmental surfaces
• Describe appropriate hand hygiene techniques.
• Bare below elbow • Wet hands • Apply soap • Rub palms together • Rub back and clean webbing • Rub fingers into pal • Repeat other side • Thumb round • Around wrist • Rinse hands and follow previous process Dry with a separate paper towel
Describe how to appropriately apply personal protective equipment.
CONTACT- DON:hand hygiene, gown, gloves
DROPLET- DON:hand hygiene, gown, mask, eye protection, gloves
AIRBORNE- DON:hand hygiene, gown, N95 mask (fit check), eye protection, gloves
CONTACT- DOFF: gloves, HH, gown,HH, equipment
DROPLET- DOFF: gloves, HH, gown,HH, mask and eye protection, HH, equipment
CONTACT- DOFF: gloves, HH, gown,HH, mask and eye protection, HH, equipment
