Week 1

Question 1

Osteology

Answer 1

Adult skeleton

Question 2

Axial skeleton

Answer 2

80 bones

Question 3

Appendicular skeleton

Answer 3

126 bones

Question 4

Long bones (humerus, fibula)

Answer 4

Good for producing leverage

Question 5

Short bones (carpals, tarsals)

Answer 5

Good for shock absorption

Question 6

Flat bones (skull, scapula)

Answer 6

Protection, huge surface for muscles to grow

Question 7

Kinesiology

Answer 7

Study of motion or human movement

Question 8

Anatomic kinesiology

Answer 8

Study of human musculoskeletal and musculotendinous system

Question 9

Biomechanics

Answer 9

Application of mechanical physics to human motion

Question 10

Structural kinesiology

Answer 10

Study of muscles as they are involved in the science of movement

Question 11

Irregular bones (vertebrae)

Answer 11

Shaped for specific purpose

Question 12

Sesamoid bones (patella)

Answer 12

Increase mechanical efficiency

Question 13

Diaphysis

Answer 13

Shaft of bone

Question 14

Cortex

Answer 14

Outer coating of bone

Question 15

Periosteum

Answer 15

Outer coating

Question 16

Endosteum

Answer 16

Inner coating

Question 17

Medullary

Answer 17

Blood supply

Question 18

Epiphysis/Epiphyseal plate

Answer 18

Growth plate, how the bone grows over time

Question 19

Articular cartilage

Answer 19

Lubricates bone to bone connection

Question 20

Bone composition

Answer 20

Calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, collagen, and water

Question 21

Cortical bone

Answer 21

Most outer bone
Low porosity, 5-30% non-mineralized tissue (meaning water and collagen level is low)
(Hard)

Question 22

Cancellous (trabecular)

Answer 22

High porosity, 30-90% non-mineralized tissue (some flex)

Spongy

Question 23

Articulations

Answer 23

Connection of bones at a joint usually allow movement between surfaces of bones

Question 24

3 major classifications of joints (SAD)

Answer 24

Synarthrodial
Amphiarthrodial
Diarthrodial

Question 25

Synarthrodial

Answer 25

Immovable | Very stable

Question 26

Amphiarthrodial

Answer 26

Slightly moveable | Slightly stable

Question 27

Diarthrodial

Answer 27

Very moveable Bad stability Articular or hyaline cartilage covers the articular surface ends of the bones inside the joint cavity absorbs shock protect the bone Slowly absorbs synovial fluid during joint unloading or distraction Secretes synovial fluid during subsequent weight bearing & compression

Question 28

Explain nutrient availability and waste removal in a diarthrodial joint

Answer 28

From secretion and absorption which happens by way of movement Through secretion the waste fills out into the synovial capsule and then becomes reabsorbed Synovial fluid is the mix of waste and nutrients

Question 29

Synovial fluid

Answer 29

The mix of waste and nutrients

Question 30

6 types of diarthrodial joints

Answer 30

``` Arthrodial (Plane) Ginglymus Trochoid (Pivot) Condyloid Enarthrodial (Ball and socket) Sellar (saddle) ```

Question 31

Arthrodial (Gliding) joints

Answer 31

2 plane (bi-planar or bi-axial) or flat bony surfaces which butt against each other Little motion possible in any 1 joint articulation Usually work together in series of articulations Between tarsal bones

Question 32

Ginglymus (Hinge) joint

Answer 32

A uniaxial (1 plane) articulation Articular surfaces allow motion in only one plane Ex. Elbow, knee, talocrural (ankle)

Question 33

Trochoid (Pivot) joint

Answer 33

Uniaxial articulation Ex. atlantoaxial joint odontoid which turns in a bony ring, proximal & distal radio- ulnar joints Ex. Ulna locked down while the radius is free to move

Question 34

Condvloid (Knuckle Joint)

Answer 34

biaxial ball & socket joint one bone with an oval concave surface received by another bone with an oval convex surface Motions are flexion, extension, abduction & adduction (circumduction) Ex. Knuckles

Question 35

Enarthrodial

Answer 35

Multiaxial or triaxial ball & socket joint Ex. Shoulder and hip Bony rounded head fitting into a concave articular surface Motions are flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, diagonal abduction & adduction, rotation, and circumduction

Question 36

Sellar (Saddle) Joint

Answer 36

Unique triaxial joint 2 reciprocally concave & convex articular surfaces Only example is 1st carpometacarpal joint at thumb Flexion, extension, adduction & abduction, circumduction & slight rotation Thumb

Question 37

Physiological movements

Answer 37

flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, & rotation occur by bones moving through planes of motion about an axis of rotation at joint

Question 38

Osteokinematic motion

Answer 38

resulting motion of bones relative to 3 cardinal planes

Question 39

Arthrokinematics

Answer 39

motion between articular surfaces

Question 40

Accessory Motions

Answer 40

3 specific types a.Spin b.Roll C.Glide Small motions relative to Osteokinematics

Question 41

Roll (rock)

Answer 41

A series of points on one articular surface contacts with a series of points on another articular surface

Question 42

Glide (slide, translation)

Answer 42

A specific point on one articulating surface comes in contact with a series of points on another surface

Question 43

Spin

Answer 43

A single point on one articular surface rotates about a single point on another articular surface

Question 44

Dynamic Stability

Answer 44

Provided by the muscles

Question 45

Static stability

Answer 45

Provided by the ligaments