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DENTFN 510 Fall 21 > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Collagen Biosynthesis Disorder Type 1 Diseases?

A

Osteogenesis Imperfecta and Ehlers-Danlos

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2
Q

What can Osteogenesis Imperfecta lead to?

A

Dentinogenesis Imperfecta Type 1

Discolored and broken down enamel and structure.

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3
Q

Collagen Biosynthesis Disorder Type II Diseases?

A

Skeletal Displasia, vitreous abnormalities, hearing impairment

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4
Q

Osteogenesis Imperfecta symptoms?

A

Curved long bones that are weak leading to deformed body

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5
Q

What type of collagen is needed to endochondral/long bone ossification and what results in the body?

A

Type II- Short bones/dwarfism, underdeveloped jaw, cleft palates, Pierre robin sequence, stickler syndrome, retina detachment and blindness

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6
Q

Collagen Biosynthesis Disorder Type III Diseases?

A

Keloid formation and Elher Danlos type IV

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7
Q

Collagen Biosynthesis Disorder Type IV Diseases?

A

Goodpasture Syndrome aka producing antibodies against collagen in lungs and kidneys

Alport Syndrome
Loss of kidney function and hearing

Epidermolysis Bullosa- fragile and blistering skin

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8
Q

Tissue that collagen type I is found in?

A

Bone skin and tendons

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9
Q

Tissues that collagen type II is found in?

A

Cartilage and vitreous humor

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10
Q

Tissues that collagen type III is found in?

A

Blood vessels and granulation tissue

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11
Q

Tissues that collagen type IV is found in?

A

Basement membranes

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12
Q

How does Vit C affect collagen?

A

Needed for the for the hydroxylation of procollagen side chains. Deficiency of vit c results in insufficient hydroxyproline and no cross linking of of collagen fibrils = scurvy

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13
Q

Symptoms of scurvy?

A

Gingival swelling, rash/mucocutaneous petechiae, poor wound healing, peri follicular papules, edema of lower limbs
Bleeding into joint cavities/hemarthrosis
Brittle bones

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14
Q

Elastin?

A

Connective tissue in lungs skin ligaments and arteries

No hydroxylysine making it more elastic

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15
Q

What is alpha antitrypsin?

A

It inhibits elastase that breaks down elastin

When elastin is broken down lungs are less elastic/emphysema

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16
Q

What are plasma proteins?

A

Made in liver and balance pH

More later

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17
Q

What is hemoglobin?

A 
In red blood cells only
Carries oxygen
4 hemes 
Hb binds CO2 in blood
Sickle cell anemia is mutation in it
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18
Q

Myoglobin details

A

In heart and skeletal muscles
1 heme
Stores O2
Carrier of O2

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19
Q

Pneumonic to memorize essential amino acids?

A

PVT TIM HALL

Phenylalanine
Valine
Threonine

Tryptophan
Isoleucine
Methionine

Histidine
Arginine (only during growth/positive nitrogen balance)
Leucine
Lysine

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20
Q

5 physiologically relevant proteins?

A

Collagen, elastin, plasma proteins, hemoglobin, myoglobin

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21
Q

What are inhibitors of prokaryotic protein synthesis?

A 
Streptomycin 
Erythromycin 
Clindamycin
Tetracycline 
Chloramphenicol
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22
Q

What are inhibitors of eukaryote protein synthesis

A

Cycloheximide
Diphtheria toxin
Pseudomonas toxin

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23
Q

What happens when a baby if given to much chloramphenicol?

A

Grey baby syndrome
They don’t have an enzyme to metabolize excess
Blue lips and ashen grey skin

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24
Q

Xeroderma pigmentosum

A

Defective nucleotide excision repair
Can’t fix DNA damage from sun
Burns tumors photophobia in eyes with pink eye

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25
Q

What is a disease caused from a defect in mismatch repair?

A

Lynch syndrome

Colorectal cancer endometrial cancer

26
Q

Does RNA polymerase proofread?

A

No!

27
Q

Holoenzyme

A

Whole enzyme complex with cofactors

28
Q

Catalytic site?

A

Where the enzyme bonds to protein to go through a conformational change to lower activation energy of protein

29
Q

Coenzyme?

A

Non protein cofactor of vitamins

30
Q

Cofactors?

A

Non proteins metal ions need to activate the enzyme

31
Q

What factors affect kinetic properties of enzymes?

A

Substrate concentration
Temp
Enzyme concentration
pH

First 3 if increased increase reaction rate

32
Q

Km and how to recognize it on MM equation plot?

A

Km= affinity of an enzyme for its substrate
Higher number = less affinity

Km is 1/2 of Vmax on MM chart

33
Q

What is the Lineweaver Burke plot?

A

Reciprocal form of MM equation plot. Easier to spot a Vmax where line crosses y axis

34
Q

Allosteric enzyme?

A

Enzymes with a separate binding site for an effector which when binds causes the active site to either open or close

either a repressor or activator

35
Q

Does an allosteric enzyme change Vmax and Km?

A

Yes they don’t follow MM equation

36
Q

3 types of enzyme inhibition?

A

Competitive
Uncompetitive
Non competitive

37
Q

Competitive inhibitors?

A

Bind at substrate site

Reversed by increasing substrate

38
Q

Uncompetitive?

A

Binds at different site but
ONLY to ES complexity

Can’t be reversed by increasing substrate

39
Q

Noncompetitive?

A

Binds at different site to enzyme alone OR ES complex

Can’t be reversed by increasing substrate

40
Q

What inhibition increases Km but Vmax stays the same?

A

Competitive

41
Q

What inhibitor reduces Vmax but Km stays the same?

A

Noncompetitive

42
Q

When does Km change?

A

Goes up with competitive inhibitor

43
Q

When does Vmax change?

A

Goes down in presence of noncompetitive inhibitors

44
Q

List some enzyme inhibitor drugs?

A

Statins, Beta lactams, Allopurinol, ACE inhibitors, aspirin

45
Q

What happens to Lineweaver Burk plot in noncompetitive inhibitors?

A

Steeper slope is decreased Vmax ie 1/Vnaught increases

46
Q

What happens to Lineweaver Burk plot in competitive inhibitors?

A

Same y-axis crossing with steeper slope which shows increased Km

47
Q

What is salivary amylase?

A

Made in parotid- sensitive to radiation,

can be detected in blood but serum amylase is made by both salivary glands and exocrine pancreas Elevated levels mean acute pancreatitis

Amylase up with out lipase can mean stress or salivary gland inflammation

48
Q

ALT/AST

A

Alanine Aspartate aminotransferases

Used in glycolysis
Plasma membrane damage and protein leakage increase levels

Testing monitors liver injury and disease

49
Q

CPK?

A

Creatine Phosphokinase
Found in heart brain and skeletal muscles, leaks into blood when muscle tissue is damaged

Elevated levels indicate heart or muscle damage heart attack

Also high in lupus patients (joint pain and rash) shows muscle inflammation

Exercise and Statins increase it too

50
Q

GALT?

A

Galactose-1-phosphate Uridyltransferase

Can’t metabolize galactose found in breast milk or dairy
Build up damages liver brain kidneys and eyes can cause them to vomit

Good to test newborns for

51
Q

What are the key cells in chronic inflammation?

A

Macrophages

52
Q

What do macrophages do to regulate chronic inflammation and immune response?

A
  1. Phagocytosis

2. Present antigens to T cells so B can make antibodies

53
Q

What is the most prominent cell type in acute inflammation?

A

Neutrophils

54
Q

Triple response of Lewis?

A

Constriction
Dilation
Edema/Swelling

55
Q

What is a granuloma?

A

Large area of foreign bodies that macrophages have walled off from body.
Outer layer- macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma other inflammation molecules
Middle more macrophages aka lots
Center- necrosis

56
Q

What is the most prominent cell type in acute inflammation?

A

Neutrophils

57
Q

What do macrophages do to regulate chronic inflammation and immune response?

A
  1. Phagocytosis

2. Present antigens to T cells so B can make antibodies

58
Q

What are the key cells in chronic inflammation?

A

Macrophages

59
Q

What is a granuloma?

A

Large area of foreign bodies that macrophages have walled off from body.
Outer layer- lymphocytes, plasma other inflammation molecules

60
Q

5 cardinal signs of inflammation?

A 
Redness
Heat
Pain
Swelling
Loss of function

DENTFN 510 Fall 21 (5 decks)

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