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Principles of Human Structure & Function > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is anatomy?

A

the structure of body parts and their relationship to one another.

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2
Q

What is physiology?

A

the function of the body and how each body part works

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3
Q

What are the 6 levels of structural organisation?

A
  1. Chemical level
  2. Cellular level
  3. Tissue Level
  4. Organ level
  5. Organ System level
  6. Organism level
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4
Q

what is the chemical level?

A

atoms form molecules

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5
Q

what is the cellular level?

A

Cells are made of molecules

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6
Q

What is the tissue level?

A

tissues consist of similar cells

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7
Q

What is the organ level?

A

organs are made up of different cells

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8
Q

what is the organ system level?

A

Consist of 2 or more organs working together

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9
Q

What is the organism level

A

Human organism is made up of many organisms

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10
Q

what is the integumentary system

A
  • Forms the external body covering i.e skin
  • Skin, sweat glands, oil glands, hair & nails
  • protects deep tissues from injury
  • synthesises vitamin D
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11
Q

What are the functions of the integumentary system?

A

Protection as chemical barrier, physical barrier and biological barrier

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12
Q

how is the integumentary system a chemical barrier?

A
  • skin has a lower pH and cooler temperature to the body which stops bacterial growth
  • melanin protects against UV damage
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13
Q

How is the integumentary system a physical barrier?

A
  • skin continuity provides a tighter barrier, prevents loss of water and water soluble products
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14
Q

How is the integumentary system a biological barrier?

A

-Langerhans’ cells (white blood cells) of epidermis act as first line of defence against bacteria

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15
Q

What are the two distinct regions of skin?

A

Epidermis

Dermis

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16
Q

what is the epidermis?

A

is the outer surface coat of epithelial cells

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17
Q

what is the dermis?

A

is the deeper connective tissue layer making up the bulk of skin

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18
Q

How does the epidermis gain nutrients?

A

through diffusion

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19
Q

what are the 2 layers of the dermis

A 
papillary layer (superficial) 
reticular layer (deep)
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20
Q

How is the skin attached?

A

it’s attached by undulating borderline and rests on the subcutaneous tissues called the hypodermis

21
Q

What cells are in the epidermis

A

the epidermis is keratinised stratified squamous epithelium and consists of four cells keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans’s cells, Merkel cells

22
Q

what are keratinocytes?

A
  • most common cell in epidermis
  • produce keratin: a protect fibrous protein
  • at the surface become dry & scaly
23
Q

what are melanocytes

A
  • produce melanin
  • specialised epithelial cells synthesise the pigment melanin
  • found in deepest layer of epidermis
  • melanin is created and transported to the keratinocytes
  • melanin protects against UV light
24
Q

what are Langerhan’s cells?

A
  • immune protection
  • produced in the bone marrow and move to epidermis
    Phagocytes that help activate the immune system
  • type of epidermal dendritic cells
25
Q

What are Merkel cells?

A
  • essential for touch & sensation
  • small no. at epidermal -dermal junction
  • Associated with sensory nerve fibre and act as touch receptors (tactile cells)
26
Q

What causes the different skin colours?

A

Melanin, Carotene, Haemoglobin

27
Q

What is melanin?

A
  • located in epidermis
  • freckles and moles are an accumulation of melanin
  • ranges in colour from black to reddish yellow
  • melanocytes are stimulated by sunlight to produce melanin
28
Q

What is carotene?

A
  • yellow/orange pigment in the stratum corneum and hypodermis
  • most obvious in palms and soles
29
Q

What is haemoglobin?

A
  • Oxygenation of haemoglobin contributes to pinkish colour in Caucasians
30
Q

what are the appendages of the skin?

A

Sweat glands, sebaceous glands, nails, hair, hair follicles

31
Q

what are sweat glands?

A

Sweat glands are all over the body except for lips, nipples and external genitalia

32
Q

what are the 2 types of sweat glands?

A

eccrine and apocrine

33
Q

what is the eccrine sweat gland?

A

produce sweat and are abundant on palms, soles, forehead

34
Q

what is the apocrine sweat glands?

A

are found in axillary/anogenital regions and secrete sweat mixed with fat and organic molecules

  • ducts empty into hair follicles
  • body odour occurs from bacteria on organic molecules secreted in sweat
35
Q

what are sebaceous glands

A

oil glands

36
Q

What is the function of sebaceous glands?

A

found all over the body except for soles and palms

  • secrete a substance called sebum
  • sebum softens and lubricates the skin, prevents brittle hair, reduces water loss, kills bacteria
  • sebum secretion is controlled by hormones
  • acne is due to bacterial infection and inflammation of these glands
37
Q

What is the musculoskeletal system made of?

A

Bone, Cartilage, ligaments

38
Q

what is the function of the musculoskeletal system?

A
  • protect and support organs
  • provides framework for muscles
  • blood cell information
  • stores minerals
  • manipulation of environment, locomotion and facial expression
  • maintains posture
  • produces heat
39
Q

What is the lymphatic/ immune system?

A
  • composed of red bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels
40
Q

what is the function of the lymphatic/immune system?

A
  • picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood
  • disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream
  • houses the white blood cells involved in the immune response
41
Q

what is the Respiratory system

A

consists of the nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi & lungs

42
Q

what is the function of the respiratory system?

A
  • supplies blood with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide

- regulates acid-base balance

43
Q

What is the urinary system

A

composed of kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra

44
Q

what does the urinary system do

A
  • eliminates nitrogenous waste from the body

- regulates water, electrolytes, pH of the blood

45
Q

what is homeostasis

A
  • the ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in an ever changing outside world
  • internal environment of the body is in a dynamic state of equilibrium
  • chemical, thermal, neural and hormonal factors interact to maintain homeostasis
46
Q

Negative Feedback

A
  • the output decreases the original stimulus
47
Q

What is an example of negative feedback

A

Blood sugar regulation (insulin lowers blood glucose when levels are high and glycogen raises blood glucose when levels are low)

48
Q

Positive Feedback

A

output increase or exaggerates the original stimulus

e.g. regulation of blood clotting

49
Q

What is homeostatic imbalance?

A

Disturbance of homeostasis or the body’s normal equilibrium

Principles of Human Structure & Function (5 decks)

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