Week 01 Flashcards
Macronutrients includes (4)?
CHO, Fat, Protein, H2O
Micronutrients includes (3)?
Vitamins, minerals, trace elements
The 3 simple sugars are?
glucose, fructose, galactose
How do you determine what type of CHO it is?
number of CHO units
monosaccharides and disaccharides are ____ sugars/CHO
simple
oligosaccharides and polysaccharides are ____ sugars/CHO
complex
Simple fat (1)?
triglycerides
Compound fats (2)?
phospholipids, lipoproteins
Derived lipids (1)?
cholesterol
2 large fat stores?
adipose tissue, intramuscular fat (IMTG)
There are ___ amino acids total
20
___ amino acids can be synthesized so are _____
11, non essential
___ amino acids cannot be synthesized so are ____
9, essential
Micronutrients include (3)?
vitamins, minerals, trace elements
Excess sodiums affects…
the kidneys ability to regulate fluid intake -> can lead to BP elevation
Phytonutrients are …
natural compounds found in plant foods
carotenoids and polyphenol are…
plant based molecules
carotenoids and polyphenol have…
antioxidant and anti inflammatory effects
Salivary amylase breaksdown CHO and _____ into ____
polysaccharide into maltose
What are the 3 functions of the stomach?
storage, gastric mixing, mucous secretions (into chyme)
What breaks down food in the stomach?
Hydrochloric acid
Acid in the stomach changes ____ into ____
pepsinogen into pepsin
______ breaks down proteins in food during digestion
pepsin
3 parts of the small intestine?
duodenum, jejenum, and ileum
Where does most absorption take place during digestion?
small intestine (duodenum and jejenum)
How does the food move along the tract?
Through peristaltic contractions
Saliva contains (7)?
- Amylases
- mucoid proteins
- Bicarbonate
- Electrolytes
- Lysozymes
- Lingual lipase
- Protein antibodies
Describe digestion of CHO…
Occurs initially in the mouth (amylase) at a rapid rate, slows down in the stomach, then increases rapidly in the small intestine (excluding fibre)
Describe the digestion of fat…
fat digestion occurs initially in the mouth (lingual lipase), slows in the stomach and intestine
Digestion of protein only occurs in the…
stomach and small intestine (proteases)
_____ is the process by which digested food is transported across the wall of the intestine and into circulation
absorption
2 ways absorption occurs..
simple diffusion or active transport
The emptying process can take …
1-4 hours
Stomach and SI emptying is affected by…. (10)
- amount of chyme
- neural response to stretching
- hormones
- psychological stress
- gender
- volume of food and fluid
- energy density of food
- osmolarity (higher = slower)
- body temperature and food temp
- exercise
Actin filaments are made of…?
strand of troponin complex and tropomyosin and actin
Myosin filaments are made of…?
globular head and myosin molecule
Explain the process of excitation contraction coupling
- Nerve impulse (action potential)
- CA2+ released
- Ca2+ binds to troponin
- Conformational change in actin-tropomyosin complex
- Actin-myosin binding (release of ADP and Pi)
- Muscle contraction (power stroke of cross bridge cycling)
- ATP binds to Myosin, broken down to ADP + Pi
- If Ca2+ still present, will continue contraction cycling
- Relaxation - Ca2+ stops release
Muscle fibre types are categorized according to…
contraction speed and metabolic characteristics
Endergonic reactions…
require energy to be driven
Exergonic reactions…
releases free energy
Phosphocreatine system requires __ enzyme(s) and is the most ___ system
1 enzyme, immediate
Adenylate Kinase is an essential housekeeping enzyme that controls…
controls the energy balance in cells by catalyzing the reversible interconversion of ATP and AMP into two ADP molecules
