Webinar Questions Flashcards
How does Dracunculus medinensis parasite exist the human host?
From a blister after submerged in water
What is the common name for Dracunculiasis? (Dracunculu medinensis)
Guinea worm disease
What do the male and female Dracunculus medinensis worms do after mating?
Males die and female migrate to the lower extremities of the host to release offspring into the water.
What is the main mechanism to remove Dracunculus medinensis?
Once the worm appears from a wound, the worm should be tied to a stick and slowly pulled out of the body by several centimeters each day until it is fully removed from the body.
What are the potential paratenic hosts for Dracunulus medinensis?
Frogs
What is the most identifiable characteristic of Dracunculiasis that leads to a dignaoisis?
Cutaneous ulcers with a female crawling out of it after it has ruptured
What steps in the Dracunulus medinensis life cycle involve humans?
Infected copepods get ingested by humans. Sexual reproduction takes place inside the human host.
What are the two sub species of Trypanosoma brucei?
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (T.b.g.) and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (T.b.r.)
What are the life forms of Trypanosoma brucei?
Trypomastigote and epimastigote
What is considered to be the most lethal form of malaria?
Plasmodium falciparum
What is the vector of Plasmodium?
Anopheles mosquito
Why was there a lack of study on Naegleria fowleri until Covid-19?
Movement/travel restrictions had increased recreational water activities, which resulted in increased cases of infected individuals
How is Naegleria fowleri acquired?
A. Inhalation of infested water
B. Ingestion of infested water
C. Through open wounds
D. Both A and B
A: Inhalation of infested water
If you’re swimming in the ocean, should you be worried about Naegleria fowleri?
No, it is only found in warm freshwater.
What stage of Naegleria fowleri infects the brain?
Trophozoite
What is the downside of using PCR to detect Naegleria fowleri?
The cyst if Naegleria fowleri is surround by _________?
What is the common name of Dirofliaria immitis and what are some common symptoms of it’s infection in dogs?
Heartworm; pulmonary hypertension, obstruction of blood flow, and enlargement of the right side of the heart, leading to potential death
What drug class is used to treat and prevent heartworm disease?
Is there known drug resistance to this class from the causative agent of this disease?
If there is a known drug resistance, what are its consequences?
Macrocyclic lactones
Yes
Could wipe out some dog populations
What is one genera that vectors Dirofilaria immitis?
Anopheles, Culex, Aedes, Mosquitoes
Can humans get infected with Dirofilaria immitis?
Yes
New potential treatments for Trichomonas vaginalis are being derived from what plant?
Quercus brantii and Artemisia aucheri
Pooled prevalence data from a research paper showed that ___% of the populations observed had Trichomoniasis (Trichomonas vaginalis).
22%
What is the lifecycle of Trichomonas vaginalis?
Trophozoite stage only, spread through direct contact
How does Trichomonas vaginalis attach to their host?
Cytoadherence (stick to other cells) via their axostyle
What are the effects of Trichomoniasis on pregnancy?
low birth weight, premature babies
How does trichomoniasis present in men versus women?
men = no symptoms
women = smell, discolored discharge and irritation in vagina
What gland does Trypanosoma bruci effect in the teste fly vector?
Salivary glands
What is the purpose of the undulating membrane?
Mobility and protection
How do you treat Trichomonas vaginalis?
Metronidazole
What are some symptoms of Balantidiasis (Balantidium coli)?
Most people are asymptomatic but can experince bloody stool, pain, nausea, vomiting, and weight loss. Severe cases can have intestinal lesions and stunted growth from malnutrition.
What is the treatment for Balantidium coli?
Tetracycline, metronidazole, and iodoquinol.
Tetracycline should not be used on a pregnant person or young children.
How common is it to see Balantidium coli infection in humans? Are there other
organisms this parasite often infects? Of humans who are infected with this parasite, what
organism do they often come into contact with/work with?
uncommon in people, typically seen in pigs and usually pig farmers
Describe two methods that could be used to diagnose Balantidium coli.
Buffered Saline: demonstrates motility of trophozoites
Centrifugation: separates components of fecal matter so that cysts or trophozoites are on top
What is the preferred reservoir hosts for Balantidium coli?
Pigs
True or False: Is this the only ciliated protozoan known to infect humans? (Balantidium coli)
True
What are other reservoir hosts for Balantidium coli otherthan pigs?
Horses and sheep
How does tetracycline kill Balantidium coli cells?
Inhibits protein synthesis
What are humans in relation to Toxocara canis’ life cycle?
Accidental Hosts/Dead end
The three types of Toxocariasis Ocular, Visceral, and Nuero, are caused by what process?
The migration of the larva into different parts of the body?
What is toxocariasis?
Round worms in cats and dogs caused by Toxocara canis
What stage of Toxocara canis can infect humans?
egg (L3?)
Why is T. canis more infectious in areas with lower social economic status?
Theirs a decrease in health care and a greater accumulation of pets
What group of people are at the most risk for toxoplasmosis? (Toxoplasma gondii)
Immunocompromised individuals
What is congenital toxoplasmosis?(Toxoplasma gondii)
Toxoplasmosis is transmitted to the infant and ultimately affects the newborn which can cause death
What are the effects of a Toxoplasma gondii infection in humans?
Increased risky behaviors, aggression, decreased reaction time and possibly schizophrenia.
What are the effects of Toxoplasma gondii infection in rodents?
Lack of fear (of cats), behavioral changes (likes open spaces)
What roles do dogs vs humans have in the life cycle of Toxocara canis?
Dogs > def, Humans > accidental
What are the three kinds of toxocariaisis that can be caused by Toxocara canis?
Ocular, Visceral, and Nuero
Is Toxoplasma gondii dangerous for pregnant people?
Yes, it can cause transplacental infections
What is the common name for Taenia pisiformis?
Rabbit tapeworm
True or False: Taenia pisiformis is zoonotic.
False
What role does the rabbit have in the Taenia pisiformis life cycle?
Intermediate host
What is the definitive host for Taenia pisiformis?
Canines
Where in the intermediate host does the egg turn into a cystercus? (Taenia pisiformis)
Abdominal cavity
What type of scolex does Taenia pisiformis have?
armed acetabulum ( 4 suckers and armed rostellum)
How can Taenia pisiformis be diagnosied?
Intermediate: dissections
Definitive: stool
Is Enterobius vermicularis monoecious or dioecious?
Dioecious
Enterobious vermicularis is also know as….
pin woooorms (itchy butt)
How is Enterobious vermicularis diagnosed?
scotch tape method around the perianal area to locate eggs
What can Neospora caninum cause in pregnant cattle and canines?
Abortion and also transplacental transmission
What is an ELISA test?
a laboratory technique that detects antibodies or antigens in bodily fluids.
How does someone get Paragonimus westermani?
Eating infected meat
How would someone treat echinococcosis?
Albendazole
What is the definitive host for echinococcus?
Canines: red/gray fox, coyotes, wolves, and domesticated dogs
What are the two most important types of Echinococcus in terms of medical and public health relevance?
1) Cystic echinococcus aka Hydatid disease caused by Echinococcus granulosus
2) Alveolar echinoccus, creates parasitic lesions in organs, caused by Echinoccus multicularis
What are the two different host for Echinococcus sp.?
Definitive hosts are both canines
Intermediate hosts:
E. multicularis = rodents
E. granulosus = deer, elk, and sheep
What are the definitive hosts for Echinococcus granulosus (circle all that apply)?
A. Worms
B. Red fox
C. Domestic dogs
D. Freshwater fish
E. Snails
F. Humans
B and C
What type of echinococcosis causes parasitic lessions?
Alveolar echinococcosis
What is used to treat echinococcosis?
Albendazole
What place in the body does Neurocysticercosis from Tenia solium take place?
Brain
What animal is the intermediate host for Tenia solium?
Pig
What is the best chemotherapy treatment for a T. cruzi infection?
Benznidazole and nifurtimox
What is species name for American trypanosomiasis?
Trypanosoma cruzi
What is the intermediate and definitive host of Leucochloridium paradoxum?
Snails and crows
Where does Leucochloridium paradoxum inhabit the snail and what is its purpose?
The eye stalks of the snail to attract crows or other birds
How does Leucochloridium paradoxum effect its intermediate host?
Eye stalks enlarge, change colours, and they pulsate. Behavioral changes cause the snail to climb higher, be attracted to light, and slower reaction times
What parasite is also called beaver fever?
Giardia lamblia
What is the active and motile form of Giardia lamblia?
trophozoite
What factors can predispose someone to getting assemblage B of Giardia intestinalis?
Child <12yr olds, being female, and eating fresh fruits
What does VSP stand for (in regard to Giardia)? On what reproductive stage is this found
on? What does VSP allow for this organism, and how does it aid in its survival?
VSP=variant specific protein. One unique VSP is expressed on each trophozoite, which allows
for antigenic variation. This allows the organism to persist within its host, as the immune system
is unable to attack just the same protein surface. It’s like the Giardia can put on a disguise over
and over again, making it hard for the immune system (specifically memory cells) to recognize it
and mount an attack.
What is the most common intestinal parasite diagnosed in the United States?
Giardia lamblia
What is the major reservoir of Giardia lamblia?
Beavers
What is the most deadly form of Leishmaniasis?
Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis
What is the distribution of D. dentriticum and D. hospes? Which is the most common cause of dicroelialsis?
D. dentriticum is found in Europe, Asia, Northern Africa, and parts of North America. It is the most common cause of dicroelialsis.
D. hopes is found mainly in West Africa
Can Dicrocoelium sp. infect people?
Yes
How many intermediate hosts does Dicrocolium dendriticum have and what are they?
2, snail and ant
What are the symptoms of severe Dicrocoeliasis?
Liver and bile duct damage
What stage of development does the dicrocoelium denedriticum have the “zombie-like” effects in ants?
Metacercaria
How would you identify Dicrocoelium denedriticum?
Finding eggs in feces or post-mortem liver examination under microscope
What is the Dicrocoelium denedriticum definitive host?
Ungulates: sheep and cows.
