Weathering & Erosion 🌊 rivers and coasts

Question 1

What happens in freeze-thaw weathering? What type of weathering is this?

Answer 1

You start off w/ a small crater in the rock. Then, precipitation falls and creates a crack. Precipitation falls into the crack, and freezes and expands, making the crack expand. This keeps on occurring until the rock splits in half.
Physical weathering

Question 2

What is carbonation? And biological weathering?

Answer 2

Carbonation is when rain droplets join with polluted air, creating acid rain. Then this falls on the rock, containing calcium carbonate, and creates small craters. The small pieces of rock are washed away by the rain. Biological weathering is when roots and seeds grow into the cracks of buildings and rocks, making them break apart.

Question 3

Describe the lower course and the middle course of a river

Answer 3

Lower course: deltas, river meets the sea, mouth…

Middle course: meanders, oxbow lakes, flat, wide, deep, slow current

Question 4

Explain the formation of a meander

Answer 4

1. Small, soft curve.
2. Deposition on the inside bend b/c there’s more friction, so the water looses its velocity, so it deposits its load. Erosion on the outer bend as there is less friction.
3. The bends become wider and get closer together.
4. Over time the two outer bends will join, and the old meander will become an oxbow lake.

Question 5

In what courses are levees and floodplains found? How are they formed?

Answer 5

Lower course

1. You start off with a flood
2. The heavy sediment is deposited on the banks of the river, forming ridges, called levees.
3. The light particles are deposited on the floodplain. This is where the land is most fertile.

Question 6

How are waterfalls formed?

Answer 6

Water falls over a cliff. The water erodes the soft rock under the hard rock. This is called undercutting. An overhang is formed. The soft rock that falls into the plungepool, deepens it. Eventually the overhang (hard rock) falls into the plungepool. This keeps occurring until, eventually a gorge is formed.

Question 7

How are v shaped valleys formed?

Answer 7

Water flows through the mountain. The river erodes downwards into the mountain. Weathering on the sides, forms cracks. The sides weaken, and fall down into the river by slope transportation. This keeps occurring and the sides get steeper. Eventually a V shaped valley is formed.

Question 8

What is weathering?

Answer 8

When rocks across the earths surface are broken down without movement. Eg. Cracks on a statue

Question 9

What is:
Corrosion
Corrasion 
Attrition
Hydraulic action

Answer 9

Corrosion is when rock such as limestone, is dissolved by sea water. This eventually erodes the cliff.
Corrasion is when waves make sediment hit the cliff and erode it.
Attrition is when sediment collides with other sediment to make smaller, rounder sediment.
Hydraulic action is when a wave hits the cliff and creates cracks. These then fill with air, compress it. The wave retreats, making the crack deeper and larger. Eventually the cliff starts breaking.

Question 10

What are destructive waves?

Answer 10

Destructive waves are the ones that destroy the beach; they have a weak swash (the water that travels up the beach), and a strong backwash, so the wave pulls in more sediment than it deposits. Sediment doesn’t have time to sink in.

Question 11

What are waves caused by?

Answer 11

Wind
Ocean currents
Seabed
Tides🌙

Question 12

How are headlands and bays formed?

Answer 12

A headland is a piece of rock that sticks out, and is joined to the mainland. A bay is a semicircular piece of land between two headlands.

You start off w/ soft rock, hard rock, soft rock… The waves start eroding the soft rock as it is more easily eroded, and the hard rock stays the same. This process repeats itself several times, until eventually a headland and a bay is formed.

Question 13

What is a stack?

Answer 13

A stack is a tall piece of rock, which is eventually turned into a stump by the seawater, and is what an arch turns into.

Question 14

What is a glacier? Where are they found?

Answer 14

A slow moving piece of rock which has the shape of the river. (A river of ice) They’re found at high altitudes.

Question 15

How is a glacier formed?

Answer 15

Snow and hail (precipitation) falls on the sides of the mountain. It is compressed. It becomes a huge mass of moving ice. This is called a glacier.🗻

Question 16

What weathering and erosion processes occur on a glacial landscape?

Answer 16

Erosion: abrasion, plucking
Weathering: freezethaw, frost shattering
🌸Abrasion: when the sediment frozen into the glacier scours the valley sides and the rock under the glacier. This is a sandpapering effect.
🌸Plucking: when water at the bottom of the glacier freezes onto the base. The glacier moves, and the rock under it is pulled out. The rocks are very well joint.
🌸Frostshattering: water finds its way into cracks, freezes, expands, and expands the cracks

Question 17

How are pyramid peaks formed?

Answer 17

You start off with a mountain. Corries form on the sides (they chip off chunks of rock). Creating a pyramid peak

Question 18

What is climate change?

Answer 18

Climate change is the long term changes in the weather patterns eg. Temp. , snow, precipitation

Question 19

How are Corries formed?

Answer 19

Snow collects in a small crater, and is compressed. Gravity pulls it down. Ice moves; it plucks, erodes the sides making it much deeper and wider. The ice melts leaving a Corrie

Question 20

Explain the greenhouse effect

Answer 20

Suns rays hit the earth. Normally, the Rays would reflect back into space, however, greenhouse gases such as CO2, sulphur dioxide, methane… create a layer which stops them from reflecting back into space. This is called the greenhouse effect, as greenhouses trap heat, and so do the greenhouse gases.

Question 21

Explain the impacts of climate change and greenhouse gases.

Answer 21

Droughts–> heat is absorbed by greenhouse gases–> warmer–> water evaporates–> drought–> poor farming–> no food

Floods–> ice in the Arctic melts–> sea levels rise–> floods–> can’t grow crops–> no food

More storms.
Beaches disappear.
Poor farming. 
Desertification; deserts move upwards, replace it with dry soil
Rainforests disappear

Question 22

Impacts of greenhouse gases on people

Answer 22

Droughts-no crops-no food-no export/import-no money

Flooding-no harvest-no food-exporting/importing-no money

Poor land-people migrate-overpopulation

Flooding-people migrate inland-overpopulation/overcrowding

Storms-homes destroyed-migration-overcrowding

Maldives disappear-homes gone-nowhere to live-migrate elsewhere

Question 23

Solutions to climate change♻️

Answer 23

Renewable energy♻️
Eg. Solar panels, hydroelectricity, wind turbines

Less use of transport that emits greenhouse gases; cycling

More public transport

Change in political settlement; restrictions on greenhouse gas emitions.

Less deforestation; more afforestation

Question 24

Describe the causes and impacts of aids 💉

Answer 24

Causes:
Sexual intercourse
From mother to child
Using infected needles

Impacts: 
Can't work as efficiently
Can get ill more easily
Attacks the immune system; makes you more susceptible to illnesses
Need other countries' aid

Question 25

Describe the impacts of a rapidly growing population on the people and environment in Africa 👳🏾

Answer 25

Less food. Birth rates keep being high, death rates are also high. Worse quality of food. Worse sanitation. Few toilets. Poor resources. Poor sanitation. Less doctors per 1000 people.

Question 26

What is desertification? 🌞🌾

Answer 26

Desertification is the process that turns rich, fertile soil, into dry, infertile soil. It’s the process which turns land into dessert, as a result of physical conditions or human activity.

Question 27

Explain 3 causes of desertification

Answer 27

Deforestation–> no trees to hold the soil in place–> soil erosion–> desertification. Afforestation🌳

Over cultivation. Good fertile soil–> grow crops–> over cultivation–> less minerals–> crop failure–> soil is depleted from minerals–> wind blows away the soil–> sun evaporates moisture–> desertification

War/poverty. Less money invested in agriculture.

Climate change/ drought. crops die–>farmers can’t sell anything–> no money

Animals. Good fertile soil–>grow crops–>animals eat all the crops–>overgrazing–>soil cracks–>soil erosion–>desertification

Question 28

How is the rainforest divided?

Answer 28

The emergent layer
The canopy
The understory
The forest floor

Question 29

Name a rainforest/desert animal, say where it lives, and state 2 adaptations.

Answer 29

Eagle: the emergent layer. Large wing spam, they can swoop down to the canopy+understory to hunt their prey. Muted colours to camouflage. Predators can’t spot them as easily. 🐦

Camel: large feet. Weight is spread over a large surface area. Long Eyelashes stop sand from going into their eyes. Humps store fat. Are capable of going without water for a long time. Thick, leather like lips. Easier to eat plants with spikes. 🐪

Cactus: spikes protect it from animals that eat them. Wide spread roots; get water more easily. Xylem vessels transport water around the plant. Stem stores water. Leaves don’t allow water to evaporate.🌵

Question 30

What are push and pull factors? What is migration?

Answer 30

Push: things that make you want to move away
Pull: things that attract you to a place

Migration: the movement of an animal from one place to another.

Question 31

Give 5 examples of push and pull factors

Answer 31

Push: bad housing, poor jobs, no opportunities, poor sanitation, no education, bad farmland

Pull: better living conditions, more jobs, more opportunities, good hospitals (sanitation), more houses.

Question 32

What are problems of urbanisation?

Answer 32

No clean water. Easier for disease to spread. Unplanned housing (shanty towns)- people arrive at the medic thinking they’ll be able to get a job and a house, however they don’t and end up having to improvise something. Urban waste. Pollution. Poor sanitation.