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Earth Science - Woodward > Weathering and Soil > Flashcards

Weathering and Soil Flashcards

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1
Q

occurs when physical forces break rock into smaller and smaller pieces without changing the rock’s mineral composition.

A

Weathering

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2
Q

The mechanical breakup of rock caused by the expansion of freezing water in cracks and crevices

A

Frost wedging

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3
Q

Reduced pressure on igneous rock causes it to expand

A

Unloading

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4
Q

Allows slabs of outer rock to break off in layers

A

Exfoliation

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5
Q

Transformation of rock into one or more new compounds.

A

Chemical Weathering

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6
Q

Promotes chemical weathering by absorbing gases from the atmosphere and the ground.

A

Water

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7
Q

Granite exposed to water containing carbonic acid

A

Converts the feldspar to clay.

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8
Q

Mechanical weathering accelerates chemical weathering

A

When the rocks are broken into smaller pieces

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9
Q

Affecting the rate of weathering

A

Rock characteristics
Mineral composition, solubility, physical features

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10
Q

Affecting the rate of weathering

A

Climate
Temperature and moisture are the most crucial factors.

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11
Q

Most effective in areas with high temperatures and abundant moisture.

A

Chemical Weathering

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12
Q

Part of the regolith that supports the growth of plants.

A

Soil

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13
Q

The layer of rock and mineral fragments that covers most of Earth’s land surface.

A

Regolith

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14
Q

Soil has four major components

A

Mineral matter (45%), or broken-down rock; humus (5%), which is the decayed remains of organisms; water (25%); and air(25%).

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15
Q

The proportions of different particle/soil sizes.
Sand, Silt, Clay

A

Soil Texture

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16
Q

a mixture of all three sizes and is best suited for plant life.

A

Loam

17
Q

Soil get its structure when

A

Soil particles clump together

18
Q

Earth’s external energy is mostly _________________, which drives weather, waves, the water cycle, the biosphere and geosphere.

A

Sunlight

19
Q

Occurs when organisms such as plants, burrowing animals, and humans cause weathering.

A

Biological Activity

20
Q

Parent material that forms on the
bedrock

A

Residual Soil

21
Q

The hard, solid area of rock in the ground that supports the earth above it

A

Bedrock

22
Q

Parent material has been carried from elsewhere and deposited.

A

Transported Soil

23
Q

The longer a soil has been forming the thicker it becomes.

A

Time affects Soil formation

24
Q

The greatest effort on soil formation.

A

Climate- Temperature and Precipitation

25
Q

________________ have poorly developed soils. Most effective ________________ are flat to wavy surface orientations.
Direction the ____________ is facing influences soil formation

A

Steep slope, slope, slope

25
Q

Influences physical and chemical properties of soil my providing organic matter.

A

Organisms

25
Q

zones or layers of soil

A

Soil Horizon

26
Q

a vertical section through all the soil horizons

A

Soil Profile

26
Q

know as topsoil

A

A Horizon

27
Q

Subsoil and contains clay particles washed out from the A horizon.

A

B Horizon

28
Q

between B horizon and unaltered parent material.

A

C Horizon

29
Q

Type of soil best developed under forest
vegetation. Accumulation of iron oxides and aluminum-rich clays in the B horizon

A

Pedalfer

30
Q

Type of soil associated with drier grasslands and accumulates calcium carbonate

A

Pedocal

31
Q

Type of Soil in hot, wet, tropical climates and experience intense chemical weathering.

A

Laterite

32
Q

caused by water and wind

A

Soil Erosion

33
Q

Human activity accelerates the rate soil erodes due to

A

removed natural vegetation, such as farming, logging, and construction

34
Q

Way to Control Soil Erosion

A

Planting rows of trees called windbreaks
Terracing hillsides
Plowing along the contours of hills
Rotating crops

35
Q

When soil is deposited

A

If fills water Reservoirs and it contaminated with pesticides and fertilizers.

Earth Science - Woodward (4 decks)

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