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Engineering Geology > Weathering and SEDIMENTARY Rocks > Flashcards

Weathering and SEDIMENTARY Rocks Flashcards

1
Q

being exposed to weather

A

weathering

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2
Q

2 types of weathering

A

Physical and Chemical

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3
Q

process that transform rocks into soil, fractures and exposes more surface area of the rock for chemical weathering

A

physical weathering

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4
Q

destroys mineral structures to weaken rocks for physical weathering to be easier

A

chemical weathering

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5
Q

When the material over a rock is weathered and transported over time, the rock gets exposed and this also REDUCES the pressure the rock experiences.

A

exfoliation

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6
Q

Forces due to ice and root wedging.
Plants growing through rock cracks further expanding the crack.
Water freezing inside rock cracks further expands when becomes ice

A

Disrupting forces

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7
Q

Salt water infiltrates rocks, as the water dries, the salt crystals grow in the rock and crack it.

A

crystal growth

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8
Q

Bending of rocks due to unequal heating and cooling may cause rocks to break

A

unequal temperature

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9
Q

2 main types of chemical weathering

A

minerals into other minerals
minerals getting dissolved into a solution

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10
Q

chemical weathering agents

A

carbonic acid h2co3
oxidation

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11
Q

removal of weathered materials

A

erosion

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12
Q

agents of erosion

A

gravity
wind
water
waves
animals

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13
Q

movement of sediment and/or dissolved ions from point A (point where it was eroded) to point B (point where it will be deposited)

A

transportation

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14
Q

Transportation stops and sediments are deposited.

A

deposition

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15
Q

6 terrestrial depositional environments

A

glacial
alluvial
fluvial
lacustrine
evaporitic
aeolian

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16
Q

8 marine depositional environments

A

tidal
deltaic
beach
lagoonal
reef
shallow water marine
deep water marine
submarine fan

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17
Q

main depositional environments

A

see picture

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18
Q

formed from the lithification of sediments

A

sedimentary rocks

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19
Q

For the weathered materials to become rocks, the following must occur (in order):

A

burial, compaction, cementation

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20
Q

2 classifications of sedimentary rocks

A

clastic or chemical

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21
Q

made up of sediments that were transported as solid
fragments

A

clastic

22
Q

made up of sediments that were transported as ions in solutions

A

chemical

23
Q

clasts biggest to smallest

A

boulders, cobbles, pebbles, sand, silt, clay

24
Q

5 clastic sedimentary rock groups

A

Mudrock, sandstone, conglomerate, breccia, coal

25
Q

has at least 75% silt or clay composition and form in very low-energy environment (lakes, deep parts of the ocean)

A

mudrock

26
Q

has beddings/lamination,

A

shale

27
Q

Made up mostly of sand

A

sandstone

28
Q

Silt and clay <15%

A

clean sandstone / arenite

29
Q

silt and clay is >15%

A

wacke

30
Q

if the clasts are rounded (formed in high energy environments like swift rivers, hence the more rounded shape)

A

conglomerate

31
Q

if the clasts are angular (formed in environments where clasts not transported significantly, hence little effect on shape)

A

breccia

32
Q

often classified as organic sedimentary rock due to its composition of decayed material (peat moss and humus)

A

coal

33
Q

5 chemical sedimentary rocks

A

limestone, chalk, dolomite rock, chert, evaporites

34
Q

composed mostly of the minerals: calcite and aragonite, the crystal form of calcium carbonate

A

limestone

35
Q

A limestone composed of calcite minerals made from biochemical processes.

A

chalk

36
Q

recrystallization of older limestones

A

dolomites

37
Q

Some organisms like radiolarians and diatoms use silica to make their shell. When they die, the shells settle down and become

A

chert

38
Q

In dry areas, when waters in lakes and rivers evaporate, they become concentrated with dissolved ions which then crystallize.

A

evaporites

39
Q

composed mainly of halite

A

rock salt

40
Q

composed mainly of gypsum

A

rock gypsum

41
Q

4 Geological Principles for Sedimentary Structures

A

Original Horizontality
Superposition
Inclusions
Faunal Succession

42
Q

layering of sediments that can be seen in changes in texture, color, composition, etc. It indicates changes related to the deposition of materials that may be due to seasonal, climates, or tectonic changes among others

A

bedding

43
Q

are narrow gaps in between layers shown in a bedding. These may indicate periods with no deposition

A

partings

44
Q

Bedding that has angled layers within horizontal beds. This forms due the sediments being deposited by water or wind

A

cross-bedding

45
Q

Sediments in a flowing water body may become IMBRICATED – they tile towards one direction, with their tops tilting towards the direction of a flow

A

ripples

46
Q

A bed where gradation/gradual change of grain size from large to small is seen as from bottom to top (known as normal graded beds). Some have large grains at the top and finer grains at the bottom known as reverse/inverse graded bed.

A

graded bedding

47
Q

when a shallow body of water dries up, the mud at its bottom dries up and cracks due to the clay in the mud shrinking as it dries.

A

mudcrack

48
Q

deterioration of a rock after exposure, often by excavation.

A

slaking

49
Q

topography formed from dissolution of soluble rocks. It is characterized by underground drainage with sinkholes and caves.

A

karst

50
Q

depression or hole in the ground caused by some form of collapse of the surface layer.

A

sinkhole

Engineering Geology (8 decks)

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