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Private Oral > Weather Information > Flashcards

Weather Information Flashcards

1
Q

METAR

A

Meteorological Terminal Aviation Routine Report

  • Observation - Current Forecast - Updated every hour
  • SPECI: special report to update current METAR for rapidly changing weather conditions
  • Location, time, wind direction (magnetic), wind speed (knots), visibility (statute miles), cloud cover, cloud height, temp, dew point, altimeter, remarks
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2
Q

TAF

A

Terminal Aerodrome Forecast

  • Forecast - Valid 24 hrs - Updated 4 times/day
  • Location, time issued, valid time, wind direction, wind speed, visibility, cloud cover, cloud height, potential severe weather
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3
Q

FA (Area Forecast)

A
  • Size of several states ( about 3,000 sq miles)
  • Broken up into different regions -updated 3x a day
  • 24 hr period ( 18 hr forecast, 6 hr categorical outlook)
  • Cloud height, cloud cover, visibility, expected precipitation type and intensity
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4
Q

PIREP

A

Pilot Weather Report

  • UA: Routine PIREP
  • UUA: Urgent PIREP
  • Confirm conditions, ceiling, visibility, precipitation, icing, turbulence
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5
Q

ATIS

A

Automated Terminal Information Service

  • Updated after receipt of weather observation
  • Wind direction, speed, temp, dew point, pressure, cloud type, ceiling, type of precipitation, remarks (runways in use, runway/taxi way closures, ect.)
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6
Q

ASOS

A

Automated Surface Observation Service

  • Continually updates
  • Wind direction, speed, temp, dew point, pressure, cloud type, type of precipitation
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7
Q

AWOS

A

Automated Weather Observation Service

  • Continually updated
  • Wind direction, speed, temp, dew point, pressure, cloud type, ceiling
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8
Q

Surface Analysis Chart

A
  • METAR Reports shown over continental US
  • Updated every 3 hours
  • Shows Fronts
  • High/Low Pressure systems
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9
Q

Weather Depiction Chart

A
  • METAR Reports shown over continental US
  • Consists of fronts, high/low pressure, cloud cover, visibility (doesn’t show pressure millibars like Surface Analysis Chart)
  • IFR/VFR/MVFR areas
  • updated ever 3 hours
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10
Q

Weather Ceiling/Visibility Categories

A

VFR- ceiling >3000, visibility >5 sm
MVFR- ceiling 1000-3000, visibility 3-5 sm
IFR- ceiling 500-1000, visibility 1-3 sm
LIFR - ceiling <500, visibility <1 sm

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11
Q

Significant Weather Prognostic (SIGWX)

A
  • Used to review flight conditions for flight planning/briefing
  • Low level is Surface to FL240
  • Mid level is FL100 to FL450
  • High level FL250 to FL630
  • 12 hr periods for areas of VFR, MVF, IFR, turbulence, freezing levels
  • Updated every 6 hours
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12
Q

AIRMET

A

-Forecast for hazardous weather for light aircraft (under 41,000 lbs)
-Issued every 6 hours
Sierra: IFR and mountain obscuration
Tango: moderate turbulence, strong surface winds (over 30kts), low level wind shear
Zulu: icing and freezing levels

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13
Q

SIGMET

A
  • Non-convective hazardous forecasts for all aircraft
  • Issued as required valid for 4 hours
  • severe icing not associated with T-Storms
  • severe turbulence or CAT not associated with T-Storms
  • sandstorms/dust storms that lower vis. <3sm
  • volcanic ash
  • November through Yankee
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14
Q

Convective SIGMET

A
  • Issued as required - Valid for 2 hours
  • Moderate to severe thunderstorms covering 40% of the area
  • Thunderstorm lines at least 60 miles long
  • Embedded thunderstorms -Tornadoes
  • Hail over 3/4’’ -Surface winds greater than 50 kts
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15
Q

G AIRMET

A

Graphical AIRMET

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16
Q

Radar Summary

A
  • Observed areas of precipitation, intensity, heights of tops of echoes, types of precipitation, sever weather watches
  • Updated hourly
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17
Q

Winds and Temperatures Aloft

A
  • Forecast based on upper air observations from a weather balloon
  • Determine winds for flight planning
  • Location, altitude, wind direction (true north)/(temp c)
  • Updated 2 times a day -chart updated 4 times a day
  • 9900 Light and variable less than 5 kts -0000KT calm
  • no winds given 1500 AGL
  • no temps given if stations is within 2500 AGL
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18
Q

Flight Service Station (FSS)

A

-primary source for preflight weather information

1-800-WXBRIEF

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19
Q

HIWAS

A

Hazardous Inflight Weather Advisory Service

-AIRMETs, SIGMETs, Convective SIGMETs, Urgent PIREPS

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20
Q

Weather Briefings

A
  • Standard: most complete briefing
  • Abbreviated: shortened version of standard, used to update previous briefing
  • Outlook: forecast information 6 or more hours away
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21
Q

Composition of the Atmosphere

A

78% Nitrogen
21% Oxygen
1% Trace gases (argon, CO2, etc)

0-5% water vapor, this amount of water vapor is responsible for major changes in weather

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22
Q

Layers of the Atmosphere (Lowest to Highest)

A 
-Troposphere 
(Tropopause-boundary layer that traps moisture and associated weather in the troposphere)
-Stratosphere
-Mesosphere
-Thermosphere
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23
Q

Atmosphere Circulation

A
  • Atmosphere is always in motion trying to find its equilibrium
  • Major factor in atmospheric circulation is the uneven heating of Earth’s surface
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24
Q

Standard Atmospheric Properties

A

Sea Level Pressure and Temperature

-29.92”Hg (1,013.25millibars) and 15°C

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25
Q

Pressure change with altitude

A

1” Hg per 1000 ft

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26
Q

Characteristics associated with Low Pressure System

A

Air circulation is inward, upward, and counterclockwise.

-Area or rising air, which is conductive to cloudiness, precipitation, and bad weather

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27
Q

Characteristics associated with High Pressure System

A

Air circulation is outward, downward, and clockwise

-Area of descending air which tends to favor dissipating clouds and good weather

28
Q

Unstable Air

A

Warm moist air

29
Q

Stable Air

A

Cool dry air that resists vertical movement

30
Q

Standard Lapse Rate

A

2°C per 1,000’

31
Q

Isobar

A

Lines drawn on a weather chart to depict lines of equal pressure

32
Q

Ridge

A
  • Elongated area of high pressure

- High pressure ridge is depicted as yellow zig zag lines on a surface analysis chart

33
Q

Trough

A
  • Elongated Area of low pressure

- Low pressure trough is depicted as an orange dashed line on a surface analysis chart

34
Q

Temperature Inversion

A
  • When the temperature of the air rises with altitude

- smooth stable air, but usually poorer visibility if realative humidity is high

35
Q

Relative Humidity

A

Actual amount of moisture in the air compared to the total amount of moisture the air could hold at the temp.

36
Q

Dew Point

A

Temperature at which the air becomes saturated and the air condenses into fog, dew, frost, clouds, rain, or snow.

37
Q

Sublimation

A

Solid to Gas. The water absorbs heat from surroundings

38
Q

Deposition

A

Gas to Solid. (Snowflakes). Water releases heat to surroundings

39
Q

Evaporation

A

Liquid to Gas. The water absorbs heat from surroundings.

40
Q

Condensation

A

Gas to Liquid. The water releases heat to surroundings.

41
Q

Radiation Fog

A

Occurs on cool calm nights when surface cools and brings cooling temperatures to dew point

42
Q

Advection Fog

A
  • When warm moist air moves over a cooler surface.
  • Usually in coastal areas
  • Requires wind
  • Golden Gate Bridge in SF good example
43
Q

Upslope Fog

A
  • When moist stable air is forced up sloping land features like a mountain
  • Requires wind
44
Q

Steam Fog

A

Dry, cool air moving over warm body of water

45
Q

Ice Fog

A

Occurs in cold weather when temp is much below freezing and water forms directly into ice crystals

46
Q

Cloud classification

A

Clouds are classified based on Height:

  • Low: Surface-6,500 AGL
  • Middle: 6,500-20,000 AGL
  • High: 20,000 and above (usually stable air)
  • Vertical development: Cumulus clouds (unstable)
47
Q

Air Mass

A

Large bodies of air that take on the characteristics of the surrounding area
-Unstable Air mass: an air mass passing over a warmer surface causing convective currents of rising unstable air

48
Q

Sources of Lifting

A
  • frontal
  • convective
  • low pressure
  • orographic
49
Q

Front

A

Boundary layer between two types ofair masses

50
Q

Warm Front

A
  • Occurs when a warm air mass advances and replaces a body of colder air
  • Gernerally stable air with poor visibility
  • Slower moving front 10-25mph
51
Q

Cold Front

A
  • Occurs when a mass of cold, dense stable air advances and replaces a body of warmer air
  • Cold dense air lifts the warm air up (stability of the front is dependent on the stability of the forced up warmer air mass)
  • Bad Weather usually associated
  • Faster moving 25-30mph or higher
52
Q

Occluded Front

A

Occurs when a fast moving cold front catches up with a slow moving warm front

53
Q

Cold Front Occlusion

A

When a fast moving cold front is colder than the air ahead of the slow moving warm front

54
Q

Warm Front Occlusion

A

When the air ahead of the warm front is cooler than the overtaking air of the cold front behind (embedded thunderstorms if cold air being forced upward is unstable)

55
Q

Thunderstorm Needs

A
  1. Lifting action
  2. Moisture
  3. Unstable air
56
Q

3 Stages of a Thunderstorm

A

1) Cumulus (updrafts, towering cumulus formation)
2) Mature - Greatest Intensity (downdrafts, shear, precipitation)
3) Dissipating (downdrafts, anvil shape)

57
Q

Squall Line

A
  • Narrow band of active thunderstorms

- Single most intense weather hazard to aircraft

58
Q

Microburst

A

Small scale intense downdrafts, 6,000fpm that can last up to 15min

59
Q

Wind Shear

A

Sudden or drastic change in wind speed/direction

60
Q

Mountain Wave Turbulence

A

Wind speed at least 20 knots and perpendicular to the range

61
Q

Types of Icing

A

Rime
Clear
Mixed

62
Q

Rime Icing

A
  • Milky in color
  • Typically forms in stratiform clouds
  • Builds upwards, doesn’t really flow across the wing
63
Q

Clear Icing

A
  • Clear/transparent, hard to detect
  • Supercooled water typically in cumulous clouds
  • Flows over the back of the wing and keeps building up
64
Q

Frost

A
  • Forms under the same conditions that are favorable for dew
  • Dewpoint is less than 0 degrees Celsius (frost point)
  • Surface temperature is less than dewpoint
65
Q

Types of Icing

A
  • Induction
  • Airframe
  • Instrument

Private Oral (11 decks)

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