Weather

Question 1

What is an advantage of a prolonged spell of tropical continental air mass on the uk?

Answer 1

Brings very warm and dry weather and so tourism increase, especially in coastal areas. This can increase profits for businesses in coastal areas.

Question 2

What are disadvantages of a prolonged spell of tropical continental air mass on the uk?

Answer 2

Hose-pipe bans could be enforced due to lack of water/rainfall

• Drought conditions reduce the yield of farmers’ crops - this can have a negative impact on availability of food and affect farmers’ profits

• More people (particularly young and elderly) admitted to hospital with heatstroke putting a strain on medical resources

• Wild fires can quickly spread due to dry conditions endangering wildlife and buildings

Question 3

What is an advantage to a prolonged spell of arctic maritime air mass on the uk

Answer 3

Increase in tourism in areas that can be used for skiing – increasing income for ski resorts in Northern Scotland

Question 4

What are disadvantages of a prolonged spell of arctic maritime air mass on the uk?

Answer 4

• Causes very cold conditions and so gas and electric bills will increase as people try to keep their homes warm – people have less disposable income.

• The snow/ice it brings can cause dangerous traffic conditions - leading to an increase in
accidents.

• Pavements can become very slippery, making conditions dangerous for elderly
pedestrians. The increase in these accidents could put pressure on the NHS.

Question 5

Describe all the stages of a depression

Answer 5

Before the Warm Front
Dry Cool temperature
High cirrus clouds
Little wind

Warm Front
Steady continuous rainfall
Temperature begins to increase
Nimbostratus clouds
Calm winds

Warm Sector
Intermittent showers
Temperatures at their mildest
Clear with some rain clouds
Calm

Cold Front
Really heavy rainfall
Temperature begins to decrease
Cumulonimbus Clouds
Very windy possibility of storms

Cold Front Passing
Dry
Cold
Clear Sky
Calm

Question 6

Fully explain latitude

Answer 6

The further you travel from the equator, the colder the temperature – so the south of the UK is warmer than the North This is due to the curvature of the Earth

Question 7

Fully explain distance from the sea

Answer 7

Compared to the rest of the UK, the west is warmer in winter.
A warm ocean current (the North Atlantic Drift) arrives and
makes temperatures milder.
Compared to the rest of the UK, the west is cooler in the
summer. The Atlantic Ocean is now colder and so temperatures are
colder.

Question 8

Fully explain aspect

Answer 8

The sun rises in the East and sets in the West. Places facing south (a southerly aspect) are therefore warmer as they receive sunshine throughout the entire day. Northerly facing locations will get no direct sunlight at all.

Question 9

Fully explain relief

Answer 9

The height (altitude) and shape of the land influences temperature and precipitation. Temperature falls by around 1 degree Celsius for every 100m. This means that
places with a higher altitude (e.g. mountainous areas) will have
lower temperatures.

Question 10

Fully explain freeze thaw

Answer 10

• Water gets into cracks in the rock

• This water freezes and expands

• It will then melt and the process will repeat until the
rock shatters.

Question 11

Fully explain plucking

Answer 11

• As the glacier moves it sticks to the land beneath it.

• As the glacier continues to move downhill, the bedrock it had stuck to is pulled out of the land.

• This process leaves a jagged surface.

Question 12

Fully explain abrasion

Answer 12

• Pieces of rock are embedded in the bottom of the glacier

• These rub against the surface of the ground like sandpaper

• Wearing it away to creating a smooth surface

Question 13

Fully explain corrie formation

Answer 13

• Snow accumulates in north facing hollows (less sun & more shelter)

• As snow builds up, increased weight squeezes air out of snow
forming firn (neve), which then forms ice.

• When the hollow becomes full it creates a glacier, which
moves downhill due to gravity

• Abrasion* occurs at base due to material embedded in ice (moraine).

• Plucking* pulls rocks off the back wall, steepening it and can
add to abrasion

• The back wall is steepened by freeze

• The ice age is over and the corrie is now fully formed

• It is a steep armchair shaped hollow.

• Occasionally, the hollow may fill up with water, creating a
lake known as a tarn.

Question 14

Fully explain arête formation

Answer 14

• An arête needs two glaciers to
form back to back corries in order
to form. A glacier forms when:

• Snow accumulates in north facing
hollows (less sun & more shelter)

• As snow builds up, increased
weight squeezes air out of snow
forming firn (neve), which then
forms ice.

• When the hollow becomes full it
creates a glacier, which moves
downhill due to gravity

• The back walls of the two corries
are plucked* by the glaciers

• Freeze thaw* also attacks the
back wall increasing the headward
erosion

• The material from the plucking
and freeze thaw aids abrasion*
which hollows out the base of
each corrie

• Overtime they cut back leaving a
knife-edged ridge between them

Question 15

Fully explain a pyramidal peak formation

Answer 15

• A pyramidal peak may form at the
junction of three or more corries.
A glacier forms when:

• Snow accumulates in north facing
hollows (less sun & more shelter)

• As snow builds up, increased
weight squeezes air out of snow
forming firn (neve), which then
forms ice.

• When the hollow becomes full it
creates a glacier, which moves
downhill due to gravity

• The glaciers then begin to erode

• Erosion by plucking* and freeze-
thaw action* on the back walls
and abrasion* at the base

• This causes the back walls of the
corries to retreat towards each
other, producing arêtes and a
pyramidal peak in between.

• The pyramidal peak is an angular,
sharply pointed mountain peak

Question 16

Fully explain the formation of a U shaped valley

Answer 16

• Before glaciation existed V shaped valleys which were
carved by rivers and had steep sides and narrow floors

• Glaciers filled these V shaped valleys
A glacier forms when:

• Snow accumulates in north facing hollows (less sun & more
shelter)

• As snow builds up, increased weight squeezes air out of
snow forming firn (neve), which then forms ice.

• When the hollow becomes full it creates a glacier, which
moves downhill due to gravity

• The glacier now begins to bulldoze its way through the rest
of the valley eroding both laterally and vertically

• It does this through the processes of abrasion, plucking
and freeze thaw*

• The valley has been greatly deepened, widened and
straightened

• It has a wide flat valley floor and steep sides

• Misfit streams which appear to be too small for the valley
often run through the valley floor

Question 17

Fully explain a truncated spur formation

Answer 17

• Before glaciation, rivers flowed through V shaped
valleys

• When the river met areas of harder rock that are
difficult to erode it winds around them.

• A series of hills form on either side of the river called
interlocking spurs

• A glacier filled the V-shape valley
A glacier forms when:

• Snow accumulates in north facing hollows (less sun &
more shelter)

• As snow builds up, increased weight squeezes air out
of snow forming firn (neve), which then forms ice.

• When the hollow becomes full it creates a glacier,
which moves downhill due to gravity

• The glacier now begins to bulldoze its way through
the rest of the valley eroding both laterally and vertically

• It did this through abrasion, plucking and freeze thaw*

• The interlocking spurs were cut off to form truncated spurs

• They are found on the edge of U shaped valleys and
look like rounded areas of land

Question 18

Fully explain hill sheep farming as a land use

Answer 18

• Sheep are hardy and can survive in the cold, harsh environment on the upper slopes.

• The climate means the land can’t be used to grow crops, low temperatures and high rainfall mean that the soil quality is poor.

• The slopes are also too steep to use large farm machinery needed for other types of farming

• Some cattle farming is possible on valley floors as the grass is better
quality

Question 19

Full explain tourism as a land use

Answer 19

• The Lake Districts breath-taking glacial scenery attracts sightseers (Corries, Ribbon Lakes, Pyramidal Peaks)

• The mountainous landscape is ideal for hill walkers and rock climbers.

• People can do water sports on ribbon lakes such as Lake Windermere.

• Forestry for mountain biking/ orienteering/ bird watching

• Easily accessible via the M6 and other major transport routes – makes it convenient for people to get to.

• Small settlements e.g. Bowness provide tourist services such as hotels, eateries, information centres/ car parks/ equipment hire shops

Question 20

What are tourist vs local conflicts in the Lake District?

Answer 20

1. Increased litter makes towns and villages look untidy and can cause environmental damage
2. The lake districts narrow roads are congested with slow moving cars and buses – increasing journey time for locals – particularly in honeypot towns This extra traffic also increases noise and air pollution.
3. Tourists often stray off of the
   track and cause footpath erosion on farmers land – this scars the landscape causing an eyesore in a scenic area
4. The rich buy holiday homes in the area - as a result services such as schools and libraries close down due to lack of users.

Question 21

What are land use conflicts between tourists and farmers in the Lake District?

Answer 21

Tourists also leave gates left open, leading to the loss of valuable livestock

Sheep worrying - Dogs off a leash can cause undue stress to sheep particularly at lambing time. This can even lead to miscarriages – reducing the farmers income.

Tourists may also climb over farmers stonewalls/dykes damaging them and causing costly repairs to be undertaken

Tourists may also park their cars on the side of small, rural roads. This means that farmers may struggle to get past in their tractors