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we live in a society Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the function of the kidney?

A

The kidneys remove urea from the bloodstream by ultrafiltration.

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2
Q

what is the function of the arteries?

A

Withstand high blood pressure. Alter diameter of lumen to vary blood flow. Allow walls to stretch when blood is pumped into the artery and then recoil, smoothing blood flow. low friction surface to ease blood flow,

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3
Q

what is the function of capillaries?

A

allow rapid exchange between blood and tissues. link arteries and veins.

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4
Q

what is the function of the veins?

A

blood under low pressure. no pulse of blood so no stretching and recoiling. large volume acts as blood reservoir. valves stop backflow, ensuring a one-way flow of blood toward the heart.

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5
Q

What is the structure of the arteries?

A

relatively thick wall. smooth muscles. elastic fibres. lined with smooth layer of endothelial cells. narrow lumen.

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6
Q

what is the structure of capillaries?

A

very thin wall (one cell thick). small lumen.

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7
Q

what is the structure of the veins?

A

relatively thin wall. very little smooth muscle or elastic fibres. wide lumen. valves

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8
Q

What happens in the process of inhalation?

A

Intercostal muscles contract. ribs are raised up and out. diaphragm contracts. volume of thorax increases. pleural membrane hold lungs to wall. volume of thoracic cavity and therefore lungs increase. pressure in lungs decreases.compared to outside. Air moves in.

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9
Q

What is surfactant?

A

It lowers surface tension, keeps alveoli ‘open’ and prevents collapse.

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10
Q

What is ultrafiltration?

A

Ultrafiltration is the process when fluid from the blood filtrates through the glomerulus.

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11
Q

What is needed for an efficient exchange surface?

A

Large surface area of alveoli, numerous capillaries around the alveoli, thin walls of alveoli and capillaries, moist surface, surfactant and a concentration gradient.

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12
Q

State 2 ways in which the cell in the pct is adapted to reabsorb glucose.

A

Has mitochondria to provide energy using ATP. They have villi for increased surface area.

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13
Q

When breathing in what happens to the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles?

A

The diaphragm and external intercostal muscle both contract.

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14
Q

What is the function of the atrioventricular node?

A

Slow down the electrical impulse.

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15
Q

What is the function of the sinoatrial node?

A

Generate electrical impulses

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16
Q

Which valves prevent blood from travelling back into the atria from the ventricles?

A

atrioventricular.

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17
Q

Which antibodies are present in a person with A blood?

A

B

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18
Q

Which individuals can receive O+ blood?

A

A+ blood type
B+ blood type
AB+ blood type
O+ blood type

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19
Q

At what stage in the cardiac cycle are the ventricles passively filling?

A

cardiac diastole

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20
Q

what are the steps involved in inhalation?

A

Ribs move up and out.
Diaphragm moves down.
Thoracic cavity volume increases.

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21
Q

describe how mechanical ventilators work

A

Positive pressure from the ventilator forces air into the lungs.

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22
Q

what is the definition of tidal volume?

A

normal breathing volume

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23
Q

what is Residual volume?

A

Air that is in the lungs after you have fully breathed out

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24
Q

what is Expiratory reserve volume?

A

The amount of air that can be forced from the lungs after a normal breath out

25
Q

what is Inspiratory reserve volume?

A

The amount of air that can be taken into the lungs after a normal breath in

26
Q

what is Vital capacity?

A

The total volume from fully breathing in to fully breathing out.

27
Q

what is Total lung capacity?

A

Vital capacity plus residual volume

28
Q

What is osmoregulation?

A

Osmoregulation is the control of water and salt level in the body which prevents problems with osmosis.

29
Q

What is ADH?

A

ADH is a hormone that controls your concentration of urine. ADH binds to receptors and cause a chain reaction of enzyme - catalysed reactions to occur inside the cells. produced in the hypothalamus and is stored in the pituitary gland. ADH binds to the receptors on the collecting duct of the nephron.

30
Q

What is an aquaporin?

A

A water permeable channel which allows water to easily move through ADH allows more aquaporins to be in the collecting duct. If you release ADH your urine will be more concentrated at a lower volume.

31
Q

What is the process by which mucin leaves the goblet cells?

A

Exocytosis

32
Q

What are the functions of the cilia on the ciliated epithelial cells.

A

To increase surface area to wave and catch more things and to clear mucus out of airways.

33
Q

What are two features of the fluid mosaic model?

A

Phospholipid bilayer with proteins imbedded.

34
Q

What are 2 roles of cholesterol in cell surface membranes?

A

increases rigidness and prevents loss of ions or electrolytes.

35
Q

Explain why soda lime is used in the spirometer.

A

ts because the SODA lime can absorb the carbon dioxide because the CO2 is toxic.

36
Q

What is myogenic?

A

that it can contract without an electrical impulse because they can generate their own impulse.

37
Q

Describe the function of the coronary artery.

A

Carries blood containing oxygen to the heart.

38
Q

Describe how aldosterone increases blood pressure.

A

It acts on the tubule which reabsorbs alt and water by osmosis due to decrease in water potential increasing the blood pressure volume.

39
Q

What is the pulmonary circuit?

A

The pulmonary circulation is the portion of the circulatory system which carries deoxygenated blood away from the right ventricle, to the lungs, and returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium and ventricle of the heart.

40
Q

What is the systemic circuit?

A

The systemic circuit is that part of your circulatory system that carries blood away from your heart, delivers it to most of your organs and tissues, and returns it to your heart again

41
Q

What ions are required for cardiac muscle cells to contract?

A

calcium ions

42
Q

What is the equation for cardiac output?

A

cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume

43
Q

What does Rh- and Rh+ mean?

A

any of a type of specific antigen present on the surface of red blood cells, persons having inherited such antigens being designated Rh+ (Rh positive) and persons lacking them, a much smaller group, being designated Rh− (Rh negative): blood of Rh− persons is incompatible with Rh+ blood because of antibody reaction,

44
Q

What is a p wave, PR interval, QRS complex, ST interval and T wave?

A

P wave = the depolarization of the left and right atrium and also corresponds to atrial contraction.
T wave= follows the QRS complex and indicates ventricular repolarization.
QRS= The QRS complex represents the electrical impulse as it spreads through the ventricles and indicates ventricular depolarization. As with the P wave, the QRS complex starts just before ventricular contraction.

45
Q

What is tachycardia?

A

more than 100 beats per min.

46
Q

What is bradycardia?

A

less than 60 bpm

47
Q

What is ventricular fibrillation?

A

irregular ventricular rate.

48
Q

What is sinus arrhythmia?

A

normal beats but triggered at an irregular interval.

49
Q

What are the possible treatments for CVD?

A

medication, such as to reduce low density lipoprotein cholesterol, improve blood flow, or regulate heart rhythm.
surgery, such as coronary artery bypass grafting or valve repair or replacement surgery.
cardiac rehabilitation, including exercise prescriptions and lifestyle counseling.

50
Q

What is the role of the ciliated epithelial cells, goblet cells, smooth muscle and cartilage?

A

Ciliated epithelium: performs the function of moving particles or fluid over the epithelial surface.
Goblet cells: is to secrete mucus in order to protect the mucous membranes where they are found.
Smooth muscle: Smooth muscle determines the flow of blood in the arteries.
cartilage: it makes sure that part of the body such as ears keep their shape.

51
Q

how emphysema affects the alveoli and the impact on gas exchange?

A

Emphysema. Emphysema damages the inner walls of the lungs’ air sacs (alveoli), causing them to eventually rupture. This creates one larger air space instead of many small ones and reduces the surface area available for gas exchange.

52
Q

What is the role of pleural membranes?

A

The pleural membranes enclose a fluid-filled space surrounding the lungs. … The lungs are also constantly expanding and contracting. The pleural membranes and fluid allow the lungs to easily move within the body cavity with minimal friction from other organs.

53
Q

why do ventilators need to be used by some patients?

A

A mechanical ventilator is mainly used to make it easier for very sick people to breathe. Another reason is to help raise the oxygen level for these patients. Sometimes, patients receive mechanical ventilation when they have an unpredictable or unstable health condition

54
Q

how to calculate respiratory minute ventilation?

A

Minute ventilation (VE) is the total volume of gas entering (or leaving) the lung per minute. It is equal to the tidal volume (TV) multiplied by the respiratory rate (f). Minute ventilation = VE = TV x f At rest.

55
Q

What is the benefit and risk of anti-hypertensive (diuretics, calcium channel blockers)?

A

The benefit is that it reduces high blood pressure but the risk is that you may have occasional dizziness, nusea, cramps.

56
Q

What is the benefit and risk of statins?

A

The benefits are that it reduces LDL (low density lipoprotein cholesterol) by inhibiting enzyme in the liver. However the risks are tiredness, disturbed sleep, nausea, diarrhoea, headache, muscle weakness. Also people may depend wholly on statins and neglect to eat a healthy diet.

57
Q

What are the benefits and risks of transplantation and immunosuppressants?

A

The benefit is a properly functioning heart. The risks are risk of rejection, and immunosuppressants reduce immunity so increasing risk of infections.

58
Q

Name the process by which mucin leaves the goblet cell.

A

exocytosis

59
Q

Describe how aldosterone increases blood pressure.

A

(aldosterone) acts on the
(distal) {tubules/ collecting
duct} (1)
which (re)absorbs
{salt/sodium/Na+}(1)
water (re)absorbed (1)
by osmosis/ due to decrease in
water potential (1)
increasing the blood volume

biology (1 decks)

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