WCS29 ENT 1

Question 1

Otorhinolaryngology

Answer 1

Otology: Ear
Rhinology: Nose
Laryngology: Throat
Head + Neck
Skull base, oral cavity, upper mediastinum

Manage Benign + Malignant pathologies:

• Skull base to Mediastinum
• Neonate to elderly
• Functional restoration

Question 2

Examination of patient

Answer 2

1. Flexible fibreoptic endoscope
2. Rigid Hopkins endoscope
3. Operating microscope
   - exam of ear
   - exam of larynx

Question 3

Advances in Otology

Answer 3

1. Audiology tests
   - Brainstem evoke potential tests
   - Otoacoustic emission tests
2. Middle ear surgery
   - Ossicular chain reconstruction
3. Removal of Acoustic neuroma
4. Cochlear implantation

Question 4

Laryngeal cancer

Answer 4

Early cancer
- Surgery / Radiotherapy

Advanced cancer
- Surgery + Postoperative radiotherapy

Question 5

Voice rehabilitation

Answer 5

1. Voice prosthesis
   - Tracheoesophageal fistula
2. Esophageal speech
3. Pneumatic device
4. Electrolaryngeal speech

Question 6

Nerve monitor

Answer 6

• Electrodes placed in contact / inserted into respective muscle
• Electrodes connected to the nerve monitor machine
• When nerve stimulated by electric current / touch —> machine gives visual / audio signal

Question 7

Collaboration

Answer 7

1. Plastic + Reconstructive surgeons
2. Neurosurgeons
3. General surgeons
4. Clinical oncologists
5. Intervention radiologists

Question 8

Advances in reconstruction

Answer 8

1. ***Local flaps
2. Regional ***myocutaneous flaps
3. ***Microvascular free flaps
   - Cutaneous
   - Myocutaneous
   - Osteocutaneous

Question 9

Mediastinum

Answer 9

Treatment for advanced low hypopharyngeal / upper esophageal cancer:
- Pharyngolaryngo-esophagectomy with ***pharyngogastric anastomosis

Question 10

Skull base

Answer 10

1. Anterior
   - ***Cribriform plate
2. Central
   - ***Nasopharynx
3. Posterior