WCF

Question 1

message

Answer 1

A self-contained unit of data that can consist of several parts, including a body and headers.

Question 2

service

Answer 2

A construct that exposes one or more endpoints, with each endpoint exposing one or more service operations.

Question 3

endpoint

Answer 3

A construct at which messages are sent or received (or both). It comprises a location (an address) that defines where messages can be sent, a specification of the communication mechanism (a binding) that describes how messages hold be sent, and a definition for a set of messages that can be sent or received (or both) at that location (a service contract) that describes what message can be sent.

Question 4

application endpoint

Answer 4

An endpoint exposed by the application and that corresponds to a service contract implemented by the application.

Question 5

infrastructure endpoint

Answer 5

An endpoint that is exposed by the infrastructure to facilitate functionality that is needed or provided by the service that does not relate to a service contract.
Example: A service might have an infrastructure endpoint that provides metadata information.

Question 6

address

Answer 6

specifies the location where messages are received. It is specified as a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI). The URI schema part names the transport mechanism to use to reach the address, such as HTTP and TCP. The hierarchical part of the URI contains a unique location whose format is dependent on the transport mechanism.

Example: HTTPS://cohowinery:8005/ServiceModelSamples/CalculatorService

Question 7

binding

Answer 7

Defines how an endpoint communicates to the world. It is constructed of a set of components called binding elements that “stack” one on top of the other to create the communication infrastructure. At the very least, a binding defines the transport (such as HTTP or TCP) and the encoding being used (such as text or binary). A binding can contain binding elements that specify details like security mechanism used to secure messages, or the message pattern used by an endpoint.

Question 8

binding element

Answer 8

Represents a particular piece of the binding, such as a transport, an encoding, an implementation of an infrastructure-level protocol (such as WS-ReliableMessaging), or any other component of the communication stack.

Question 9

behaviors

Answer 9

A component that controls various run-time aspects of a service, an endpoint, a particular operation, or a client. Behaviors are grouped according to scope: common behaviors affect all endpoints globally, service behaviors affect only-service-related aspects, endpoint behaviors affect only endpoint-related properties, and operation-level behaviors affect particular operations.
Example: one service is throttling, which specifies how a service reacts when when an excess of messages threaten to overwhelm its handling capabilities. An endpoint behavior, on the other hand, controls only aspect that are relevant to endpoints, such as how and where to find a secret credential.

Question 10

system-provided bindings

Answer 10

WCF includes a number of system-provided bindings. These are collections of binding elements that are optimized for specific scenarios. For example, the WSHttpBinding is designed for interoperability with services that implement various WS-* specifications. These predefined bindings save time by presenting only those options that can be correctly applied to the specific scenario. If a predefined binding does not meet your requirements, you can create your own custom binding.

Question 11

configuration versus coding

Answer 11

Control of an application can be done either through coding, through configuration, or through a combination of both. Configuration has the advantage of allowing someone other than the developer (for example, a network administrator) to set client and service parameters after the code is written and without having to recompile. Configuration not only enables you to set values like endpoint addresses, but also allows further control by enabling you to add endpoints, bindings, and behaviors. Coding allows the developer to retain strict control over all components of the service or client, and any settings done through the configuration can be inspected and if needed overridden by the code.

Question 12

service operation

Answer 12

A procedure defined in a service’s code that implements the functionality for an operation. This operation is exposed to clients as methods on a WCF client. The method can return a value, and can take an optional number of arguments, or take no arguments, and return no response. For example, an operation that functions as a simple “Hello” can be used as a notification of a client’s presence and to begin a series of operations.

Question 13

service contract

Answer 13

Ties together multiple related operations into a single functional unit. The contract can define service-level settings, such as the namespace of the service, a corresponding callback contract, and other such settings. In most cases, the contract is defined by creating an interface in the programming language of your choice and applying the ServiceContractAttribute attribute to the interface. The actual service code results by implementing the interface.

Question 14

operation contract

Answer 14

An operation contract defines the parameters and return type of an operation. When creating an interface that defines the service contract, you signify an operation contract by applying the OperationContractAttribute attribute to each method definition that is part of the contract. The operations can be modeled as taking a single message and returning a single message, or as taking a set of types and returning a type. In the latter case, the system will determine the format for the messages that need to be exchanged for that operation.

Question 15

message contract

Answer 15

Describes the format of a message. For example, it declares whether message elements should go in headers versus the body, what level of security should be applied to what elements of the message, and so on.

Question 16

fault contract

Answer 16

Can be associated with a service operation to denote errors that can be returned to the caller. An operation can have zero or more faults associated with it. These errors are SOAP faults that are modeled as exceptions in the programming model.

Question 17

data contract

Answer 17

The descriptions in metadata of the data types that a service uses. This enables others to interoperate with the service. The data types can be used in any part of a message, for example, as parameters or return types. If the service is using only simple types, there is no need to explicitly use data contracts.

Question 18

hosting

Answer 18

A service must be hosted in some process. A host is an application that controls the lifetime of the service. Services can be self-hosted or managed by an existing hosting process.

Question 19

self-hosted service

Answer 19

A service that runs within a process application that the developer created. The developer controls its lifetime, sets the properties of the service, opens the service (which sets it into a listening mode), and closes the service.

Question 20

hosting process

Answer 20

An application that is designed to host services. These include Internet Information Services (IIS), Windows Activation Services (WAS), and Windows Services. In these hosted scenarios, the host controls the lifetime of the service. For example, using IIS you can set up a virtual directory that contains the service assembly and configuration file. When a message is received, IIS starts the service and controls its lifetime.

Question 21

instancing

Answer 21

A service has an instancing model. There are three instancing models: “single,” in which a single CLR object services all the clients; “per call,” in which a new CLR object is created to handle each client call; and “per session,” in which a set of CLR objects is created, one for each separate session. The choice of an instancing model depends on the application requirements and the expected usage pattern of the service.

Question 22

client application

Answer 22

A program that exchanges messages with one or more endpoints. The client application begins by creating an instance of a WCF client and calling methods of the WCF client. It is important to note that a single application can be both a client and a service.

Question 23

channel

Answer 23

A concrete implementation of a binding element. The binding represents the configuration, and the channel is the implementation associated with that configuration. Therefore, there is a channel associated with each binding element. Channels stack on top of each other to create the concrete implementation of the binding: the channel stack.

Question 24

WCF client

Answer 24

A client-application construct that exposes the service operations as methods (in the .NET Framework programming language of your choice, such as Visual Basic or Visual C#). Any application can host a WCF client, including an application that hosts a service. Therefore, it is possible to create a service that includes WCF clients of other services.
A WCF client can be automatically generated by using the ServiceModel Metadata Utility Tool (Svcutil.exe) and pointing it at a running service that publishes metadata.

Question 25

metadata

Answer 25

In a service, describes the characteristics of the service that an external entity needs to understand to communicate with the service. Metadata can be consumed by the ServiceModel Metadata Utility Tool (Svcutil.exe) to generate a WCF client and accompanying configuration that a client application can use to interact with the service.
The metadata exposed by the service includes XML schema documents, which define the data contract of the service, and WSDL documents, which describe the methods of the service.
When enabled, metadata for the service is automatically generated by WCF by inspecting the service and its endpoints. To publish metadata from a service, you must explicitly enable the metadata behavior.

Question 26

security

Answer 26

In WCF, includes confidentiality (encryption of messages to prevent eavesdropping), integrity (the means for detection of tampering with the message), authentication (the means for validation of servers and clients), and authorization (the control of access to resources). These functions are provided by either leveraging existing security mechanisms, such as TLS over HTTP (also known as HTTPS), or by implementing one or more of the various WS-* security specifications.

Question 27

transport security mode

Answer 27

Specifies that confidentiality, integrity, and authentication are provided by the transport layer mechanisms (such as HTTPS). When using a transport like HTTPS, this mode has the advantage of being efficient in its performance, and well understood because of its prevalence on the Internet. The disadvantage is that this kind of security is applied separately on each hop in the communication path, making the communication susceptible to a “man in the middle” attack.

Question 28

message security mode

Answer 28

Specifies that security is provided by implementing one or more of the security specifications, such as the specification named Web Services Security: SOAP Message Security. Each message contains the necessary mechanisms to provide security during its transit, and to enable the receivers to detect tampering and to decrypt the messages. In this sense, the security is encapsulated within every message, providing end-to-end security across multiple hops. Because security information becomes part of the message, it is also possible to include multiple kinds of credentials with the message (these are referred to as claims). This approach also has the advantage of enabling the message to travel securely over any transport, including multiple transports between its origin and destination. The disadvantage of this approach is the complexity of the cryptographic mechanisms employed, resulting in performance implications.

Question 29

transport with message credential security mode

Answer 29

Specifies the use of the transport layer to provide confidentiality, authentication, and integrity of the messages, while each of the messages can contain multiple credentials (claims) required by the receivers of the message.

Question 30

WS-*

Answer 30

Shorthand for the growing set of Web Service (WS) specifications, such as WS-Security, WS-ReliableMessaging, and so on, that are implemented in WCF.