WBCs

Question 1

3 essential myeloid growth factors?

Answer 1

G-SCSF, M-CSF and GM-CSF

Question 2

2 key characteristics of neutrophils?

Answer 2

Mature nucleus is segmented Phagocytoses and kills microorganisms as its main function

Question 3

How are neutrophils attracted to tissues?

Answer 3

Chemotaxis

Question 4

Eosinophil granulocytes main function?

Answer 4

Parasitic defence

Question 5

2 characteristics of basophil granulocytes?

Answer 5

Contain stores of histamine, heparin and proteolytic enzymes Involved in modulation of inflammatory and immune responses

Question 6

2 roles of monocytes?

Answer 6

Phagocytosis and antigen presentation to lymphoid cells

Question 7

What do monocytes develop into?

Answer 7

Macrophages

Question 8

3 cells lymphoid stem cells give rise to?

Answer 8

T cells, B cells and NK cells

Question 9

Leukocytosis vs leukopenia?

Answer 9

Too many vs too few WBCs, usually neutrophils

Question 10

Transient vs persistent leukocytosis causes?

Answer 10

Infection vs chronic diseases e.g leukaemia

Question 11

Neutrophilia main causes?

Answer 11

Bacterial infection, inflammation, chronic myeloid leukaemia, pregnancy and exercise

Question 12

Neutrophilia effects?

Answer 12

Toxic granulation and ‘left shift’- more neutrophil precursors in the blood

Question 13

Neutropenia main causes?

Answer 13

Chemo or radiotherapy Autoimmune disorders Infection Ethnicity

Question 14

Neutropenia risks?

Answer 14

High risk of infection and need IV antibiotics

Question 15

Neutrophil hyper-segmentation?

Answer 15

Increased number of neutrophil loves or segments due to a lack of vitamin B12 or folic acid (megaloblastic anaemia)

Question 16

Eosinophilia?

Answer 16

Occurs due to an allergy or parasitic infection or CML

Question 17

Basophilia?

Answer 17

Uncommon, only seen in CML

Question 18

Characteristics of viral infection lymphocytosis?

Answer 18

Atypical lymphocytes- basophilic cytoplasm, hugging of surrounding RBC’s and scalloped margins

Question 19

Lymphoblastic vs lymphocytic?

Answer 19

Increase in immature cells vs increase in abnormal mature cells

Question 20

4 features of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia?

Answer 20

Leukocytosis with lymphoblasts in blood Anaemia (normocytic, normochromic) Neutropenia Thrombocytopenia Replacement of normal bone marrow cells with lymphoblasts

Question 21

ALL clinical features?

Answer 21

Bruising due to Thrombocytopenia Paleness due to low Hb (anaemia)

Question 22

Bacterial infection would cause what condition?

Answer 22

Neutrophilia

Question 23

A patient develops a chronic leukaemia of lymphoid origin. Which of the following cells would you expect to find elevated in the blood?

Answer 23

Lymphocytes

Question 24

A 6-year old child is diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. The doctor warns the parents that their child is more susceptible to bleeding. Why is this the case?

Answer 24

Reduction in platelet production by bone marrow

Question 25

Kevin travels to South East Asia as part of his gap year. Upon his return, he develops abdominal pain and tiredness. What abnormality may be found in the blood ?

Answer 25

Eosinophilia

Question 26

You are asked to examine a blood film from a patient with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. What distinct feature may you expect to see?

Answer 26

Blast cells

Question 27

Answer 27