WBCs

Question 1

What are the two stem cells that give rise to WBCs?

Answer 1

myeloid & lymphoid

Question 2

What stimulates the maturity of WBCs?

Answer 2

interleukins

Question 3

What do myeloid stem cells give rise to?

Answer 3

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils & monocytes

Question 4

What do lymphoid stem cells give rise to?

Answer 4

B (bone marrow) & T (thymus) lymphocytes

Question 5

What in leukocytes have enzymes used for digestion & destruction?

Answer 5

granules

Question 6

What gives rise to myeloid & lymphoid stem cells?

Answer 6

pluripotent stem cells

Question 7

Where are leukocytes located in the marginating pool?

Answer 7

the vessel endothelium

Question 8

What are the 4 features that differentiate WBCs?

Answer 8

cell size
N:C ratio
chromatin pattern
cytoplasmic presence

Question 9

What WBCs are classified as granlocytes?

Answer 9

neutrophils
basophils
eosinophils

Question 10

What WBCs are classified as agranulocytes?

Answer 10

monocytes

lymphocytes

Question 11

What are the features of a blast?

Answer 11

14-20 micometers
N:C 6:1
2-5 nucleoli
round, oval indented nucleus
basophilic (darker blue)

Question 12

What are the features of a promyelocyte?

Answer 12

inc in size, 15-22
N:C 3:1
oval, round nucleus
prominent granules

Question 13

What are the features of a myelocyte?

Answer 13

dec in size, 10-18
N:C 2:1
“fried egg or D looking”
red-purple

Question 14

What are the features of a metamyelocyte?

Answer 14

10-15
N:C 1:1
kidney bean nucleus
pale blue-pinkish tan

Question 15

What are the features of a band?

Answer 15

9-15
C/S shaped nucleus w/ no filaments
brownish pink

Question 16

What are the features of a segmented neutrophil?

Answer 16

9-15
C shaped w/ filaments & granules
brown-pink cytoplasm

Question 17

What are the features of an eosinophil?

Answer 17

10-16
large orange/red granules
eccentric nucleus, usually bilobed “fish eggs”

Question 18

What are the features of a basophil?

Answer 18

10-14um

large purple, black granules (can’t see nucleus)

Question 19

What are the distinct features of a promonocyte?

Answer 19

12-20

gray-blue cyto w/ blebbing

Question 20

What is different about the monocyte?

Answer 20

the nucleus takes whatever form it likes & they are termed based on where they are in the body

Question 21

What is unique about lymphocytes?

Answer 21

they have little cytoplasm

Question 22

What is the function of neutrophils?

Answer 22

seek, ingest & kill bacteria through phagocytosis

Question 23

What is the function of eosinophils?

Answer 23

they respond to parasitic & allergic reactions

Question 24

What is the function of basophils?

Answer 24

they respond to hypersensitivity reactions and inflammation

Question 25

What is the lymphatic system responsible for?

Answer 25

blood filtration fluid balance antibody generation lymphopoiesis

Question 26

What are the lymphoid stem cells that migrate to the thymus?

Answer 26

T helper cells | T-suppressor cells

Question 27

What are the lymphoid cells that stay in the bone marrow?

Answer 27

B cells | NK cells

Question 28

What are the two actions performed when T lymphocytes are activated?

Answer 28

T helpers (CD4) - promote antibody production & assist w/ immune intracellular pathogens T suppressor cells (CD8)- cytotoxic elimination of non-self by promoting enzyme activity

Question 29

Which Lymphocyte deosn't require stimulation?

Answer 29

NK cells

Question 30

What is the function of NK cells?

Answer 30

assist in resisting bacteria, viruses & fungi

Question 31

What are some of the conditions that can cause neutrophilia?

Answer 31

``` malignancies chemical assault stress response infections inflammatory response (N:50-70%) ```

Question 32

What are some of the conditions that can cause neutropenia?

Answer 32

drugs chemotherapy autoimmune disease (<2.0 x 10^9)

Question 33

What are some of the conditions that can cause eosinophilia?

Answer 33

``` allergies skin disease parasitic disease transplant rejection myeloproliferative disorders ```

Question 34

What are some of the conditions that can cause eosinopenia?

Answer 34

acute infections ACTH bone marrow aplasia

Question 35

What are some of the conditions that can cause basophilia?

Answer 35

hypersensitivity reactions ulcerative colitis chronic inflammatory conditions

Question 36

What are some of the conditions that can cause basopenia?

Answer 36

steroid treatment | inflammation

Question 37

What are some of the conditions that can cause monocytosis?

Answer 37

chronic infections bone marrow faliure leukemias

Question 38

What are some of the conditions that can cause monocytopenia?

Answer 38

hairy cell leukemia | autoimmne processes

Question 39

What are some of the conditions that can cause lymphocytosis?

Answer 39

normal in children 4mo-4y/o viral leukemias

Question 40

What are some of the conditions that can cause lymphocytopenia?

Answer 40

``` HIV malnutrition chemotherapy radiation renal faliure ```

Question 41

What is a left shift in quantitative changes?

Answer 41

bone marrow response to inc WBCs by sending out younger cells

Question 42

Leukoerythroblastic picture is a significant feature in?

Answer 42

myeloproliferative disorders

Question 43

What are the 4 steps in phagocytosis?

Answer 43

chemotaxis opsonization ingestion killing

Question 44

What are dohle bodies?

Answer 44

round, oval light blue remnants of RNA

Question 45

What is a left shift in qualitative changes?

Answer 45

increase in bands & metamyelocytes in the peripheral smear

Question 46

What is Human Ehrlichiosis? What are the conditions that cause it?

Answer 46

noteable white cell inclusion caused by 2 varieties of Rickettsia-like bacteria caused by: HME, HGA, low WBC count, elevated liver enzymes, thrombocytopenia

Question 47

What is found in may-hegglin anomaly?

Answer 47

autosomal dominant thrombocytopenia & giant platelets (poorly granulated) larger dohle bodies

Question 48

What is Alder-Reilly anomaly? What are the conditions that cause it?

Answer 48

a rare genetic disorder coarse, dark granules in neutrophils, lymphos, monos, eosins & basos prominent granles & lipid depositions

Question 49

What is found in Pelger-Huet Anomaly?

Answer 49

``` most common (dominant) heterozygotes = dumb-bell shaped nucleus homozygotes = spherical nucleus ```

Question 50

What is found in chediak higashi syndrome?

Answer 50

rare autosomal recessive giant purple/gray granules WBCs show reduced chemotaxis may develop hepatosplenomegaly/liver faliure affected children show albinism/photophobia

Question 51

What causes lipid storage diseases?

Answer 51

a missing or inactive strategic enzyme caused by a single gene deletion

Question 52

What is Gaucher's disease?

Answer 52

a deficiency of the enzyme beta-glucocerebrosidase | severe bone pain

Question 53

What is Neimann-Pick disease?

Answer 53

deficiency of the enzyme sphingomyelinase enlarged liver & spleen sea-blue histocytes

Question 54

What is Tay-Sachs disease?

Answer 54

``` deficiency of enzyme hezaminosidase A can be tested prenatally deafness/blindness seizure TURNED INTO PAST TENSE ```

Question 55

What is the most common disease showing variation in lymphocytes? What is it cause by?

Answer 55

infectious mononucleosis caused by epstein-barr virus which infects B lymphocytes

Question 56

What are the symptoms of mononucleosis?

Answer 56

``` sore throat fatigue anorexia fever enlarged lymph nodes ```

Question 57

What is the diagnosis test for mononucleosis?

Answer 57

rapid agglutination test | smear