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MLT 104 Hematology > WBCs > Flashcards

WBCs Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two stem cells that give rise to WBCs?

A

myeloid & lymphoid

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2
Q

What stimulates the maturity of WBCs?

A

interleukins

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3
Q

What do myeloid stem cells give rise to?

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils & monocytes

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4
Q

What do lymphoid stem cells give rise to?

A

B (bone marrow) & T (thymus) lymphocytes

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5
Q

What in leukocytes have enzymes used for digestion & destruction?

A

granules

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6
Q

What gives rise to myeloid & lymphoid stem cells?

A

pluripotent stem cells

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7
Q

Where are leukocytes located in the marginating pool?

A

the vessel endothelium

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8
Q

What are the 4 features that differentiate WBCs?

A

cell size
N:C ratio
chromatin pattern
cytoplasmic presence

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9
Q

What WBCs are classified as granlocytes?

A

neutrophils
basophils
eosinophils

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10
Q

What WBCs are classified as agranulocytes?

A

monocytes

lymphocytes

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11
Q

What are the features of a blast?

A 
14-20 micometers
N:C 6:1
2-5 nucleoli
round, oval indented nucleus
basophilic (darker blue)
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12
Q

What are the features of a promyelocyte?

A

inc in size, 15-22
N:C 3:1
oval, round nucleus
prominent granules

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13
Q

What are the features of a myelocyte?

A

dec in size, 10-18
N:C 2:1
“fried egg or D looking”
red-purple

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14
Q

What are the features of a metamyelocyte?

A

10-15
N:C 1:1
kidney bean nucleus
pale blue-pinkish tan

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15
Q

What are the features of a band?

A

9-15
C/S shaped nucleus w/ no filaments
brownish pink

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16
Q

What are the features of a segmented neutrophil?

A

9-15
C shaped w/ filaments & granules
brown-pink cytoplasm

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17
Q

What are the features of an eosinophil?

A

10-16
large orange/red granules
eccentric nucleus, usually bilobed “fish eggs”

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18
Q

What are the features of a basophil?

A

10-14um

large purple, black granules (can’t see nucleus)

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19
Q

What are the distinct features of a promonocyte?

A

12-20

gray-blue cyto w/ blebbing

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20
Q

What is different about the monocyte?

A

the nucleus takes whatever form it likes & they are termed based on where they are in the body

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21
Q

What is unique about lymphocytes?

A

they have little cytoplasm

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22
Q

What is the function of neutrophils?

A

seek, ingest & kill bacteria through phagocytosis

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23
Q

What is the function of eosinophils?

A

they respond to parasitic & allergic reactions

24
Q

What is the function of basophils?

A

they respond to hypersensitivity reactions and inflammation

25
Q

What is the lymphatic system responsible for?

A

blood filtration
fluid balance
antibody generation
lymphopoiesis

26
Q

What are the lymphoid stem cells that migrate to the thymus?

A

T helper cells

T-suppressor cells

27
Q

What are the lymphoid cells that stay in the bone marrow?

A

B cells

NK cells

28
Q

What are the two actions performed when T lymphocytes are activated?

A

T helpers (CD4) - promote antibody production & assist w/ immune intracellular pathogens

T suppressor cells (CD8)- cytotoxic elimination of non-self by promoting enzyme activity

29
Q

Which Lymphocyte deosn’t require stimulation?

A

NK cells

30
Q

What is the function of NK cells?

A

assist in resisting bacteria, viruses & fungi

31
Q

What are some of the conditions that can cause neutrophilia?

A 
malignancies
chemical assault
stress response
infections
inflammatory response
(N:50-70%)
32
Q

What are some of the conditions that can cause neutropenia?

A

drugs
chemotherapy
autoimmune disease
(<2.0 x 10^9)

33
Q

What are some of the conditions that can cause eosinophilia?

A 
allergies
skin disease
parasitic disease
transplant rejection
myeloproliferative disorders
34
Q

What are some of the conditions that can cause eosinopenia?

A

acute infections
ACTH
bone marrow aplasia

35
Q

What are some of the conditions that can cause basophilia?

A

hypersensitivity reactions
ulcerative colitis
chronic inflammatory conditions

36
Q

What are some of the conditions that can cause basopenia?

A

steroid treatment

inflammation

37
Q

What are some of the conditions that can cause monocytosis?

A

chronic infections
bone marrow faliure
leukemias

38
Q

What are some of the conditions that can cause monocytopenia?

A

hairy cell leukemia

autoimmne processes

39
Q

What are some of the conditions that can cause lymphocytosis?

A

normal in children 4mo-4y/o
viral
leukemias

40
Q

What are some of the conditions that can cause lymphocytopenia?

A 
HIV
malnutrition
chemotherapy
radiation
renal faliure
41
Q

What is a left shift in quantitative changes?

A

bone marrow response to inc WBCs by sending out younger cells

42
Q

Leukoerythroblastic picture is a significant feature in?

A

myeloproliferative disorders

43
Q

What are the 4 steps in phagocytosis?

A

chemotaxis
opsonization
ingestion
killing

44
Q

What are dohle bodies?

A

round, oval light blue remnants of RNA

45
Q

What is a left shift in qualitative changes?

A

increase in bands & metamyelocytes in the peripheral smear

46
Q

What is Human Ehrlichiosis? What are the conditions that cause it?

A

noteable white cell inclusion caused by 2 varieties of Rickettsia-like bacteria

caused by: HME, HGA, low WBC count, elevated liver enzymes, thrombocytopenia

47
Q

What is found in may-hegglin anomaly?

A

autosomal dominant
thrombocytopenia & giant platelets (poorly granulated)
larger dohle bodies

48
Q

What is Alder-Reilly anomaly? What are the conditions that cause it?

A

a rare genetic disorder
coarse, dark granules in neutrophils, lymphos, monos, eosins & basos
prominent granles & lipid depositions

49
Q

What is found in Pelger-Huet Anomaly?

A 
most common (dominant)
heterozygotes = dumb-bell shaped nucleus
homozygotes = spherical nucleus
50
Q

What is found in chediak higashi syndrome?

A

rare autosomal recessive
giant purple/gray granules
WBCs show reduced chemotaxis
may develop hepatosplenomegaly/liver faliure
affected children show albinism/photophobia

51
Q

What causes lipid storage diseases?

A

a missing or inactive strategic enzyme caused by a single gene deletion

52
Q

What is Gaucher’s disease?

A

a deficiency of the enzyme beta-glucocerebrosidase

severe bone pain

53
Q

What is Neimann-Pick disease?

A

deficiency of the enzyme sphingomyelinase
enlarged liver & spleen
sea-blue histocytes

54
Q

What is Tay-Sachs disease?

A 
deficiency of enzyme hezaminosidase A
can be tested prenatally
deafness/blindness
seizure
TURNED INTO PAST TENSE
55
Q

What is the most common disease showing variation in lymphocytes? What is it cause by?

A

infectious mononucleosis caused by epstein-barr virus which infects B lymphocytes

56
Q

What are the symptoms of mononucleosis?

A 
sore throat
fatigue
anorexia
fever
enlarged lymph nodes
57
Q

What is the diagnosis test for mononucleosis?

A

rapid agglutination test

smear

MLT 104 Hematology (3 decks)

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