Waves N Such Flashcards
_(P or S) waves ware compressional, primary, and longitudinal. Travels fast in materials. Particle of motion is up/down
P waves
_(P or S) waves are shear, secondary, and transverse. Travel slowly and not through fluids. Particle of motion is left/right
S waves
Increasing the amplitude and wavelength makes a wave ____
Bigger
____ - Disturbance that transfers energy without transferring mass
Wave
Particles (matter) vibrate or ___ back/forth or up/down
Oscillate
____ - Is a single disturbance/event, which moves from point to point through a “medium”.
Pulse
Pulses together in a ___ produce a wave
Medium
_____ - The Maximum displacement from the equilibrium position. The larger the ____ the more energy is being carried by the wave. (Measured in meters)
Amplitude (A)
_____ - The length of one full wave or “cycle”. Can be measured from crest to crest or trough to trough. (Measured in meters)
Wavelength (upside down y)
____ - The time it takes a wave to complete one cycle (return to its original position. Measured in seconds s)
Period (T)
____ - The number of cycles a wave can complete in one second (measured in Hertz Hz)
Frequency (f)
Increasing wave amplitude increases wave ___
Energy
Two types of waves
Mechanical waves
Electromagnetic waves
____ waves - Pass through a medium, any substance with mass which will carry the energy. (Medium can be solid, liquid, or gas. Cant pass through a vacuum. Ex: Earthquakes (seismic), ocean waves, sound waves)
Mechanical waves
_____ waves - Do not require a medium and can travel through a vacuum. They propagate through the electromagnetic field. TRANSVERSE ONLY
Electromagnetic waves
Mechanical waves can be _____ or _____
Transverse or longitudinal
____ wave - Particles vibrate perpendicular to wave velocity (like waves on an ocean)
Transverse Wave
____ wave - Particles vibrate parallel to wave velocity (like sound waves)
Longitudinal Waves
In a transverse wave, particles move ___ and ___ from its equilibrium perpendicular to the direction of its velocity
Up and down
In a longitudinal wave, particles vibrate ___ and ___ parallel to the direction of its velocity
Back and forth
____ is calculated by #of waves of # of cycles over time
Frequency
____ is measured by 1 over frequency
Period
Frequency and Period are ___
Reciprocals
_____ ___ (v) -The distance a wave travels in a given time. Faster sound waves cover more distance.
Wave speed
The only way to change wave speed is to change the _____ of the wave medium
Properties
High frequency = ___ wavelength
Small
The speed of a mechanical wave depends only on the properties of the ____ the wave travels through
Medium
Temperature, elasticity, density, and tension all affect the ___ ___
Wave speed
A wave traveling through a cooler medium moves ____ than that of a warmer medium
Slower
Sound moves the ___ through solids, and ____ through gases. (Because solids have a higher elasticity meaning they can reset faster and vibrate again sooner)
Fastest
Slowest
____ takes priority of wave speed but density is a close second
Elasticity
Wave speed ____ depend on the properties of the wave itself like frequency, period, wavelength, and amplitude
Doesn’t
Because if we double the frequency and the wavelength gets halved. The product will stay constant making the ____ stay constant
Speed
____ waves - Longitudinal waves that travel through air or another medium.
Sound waves
___ and ____/___ of a longitudinal wave correspond to the crests and troughs of a transverse wave
Compressions and expansions / rarefactions
The compressions of a wave are the ___
Crests
Expansions/rarefactions of a wave are the ___
Troughs
Mechanical waves with ____ amplitude carry more energy than waves with a ___ amplitude
Large
Small
For a sound wave amplitude corresponds to ___
Loudness
____ amplitude -> loud noise
High amplitude
The amplitude of a sound wave _____ as it moves away from its source
Decreases
The frequency of a sound wave is interpreted as ____
Pitch
____ frequency -> high pitch
High frequency
___ auditory range is 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz
Human
In humans, sound is produced when air travels through the ___ __ in the larynx causing a vibration
Vocal folds
Males have _____ vocal folds than females which makes their voice deeper
Longer
The medium is the ____ when there’s a vibration wave in the string
String
The medium is the ____ when a sound wave is produced by the strings vibration
Air
____ ____ - A change in frequency of a sound due to the source of sound moving relative to the observer, as the source moves the waves in front of the source compress.
Doppler Effect
Frequency does not actually change, it is just ____ differently
Perceived
The shorter wavelength and higher frequency (more lines) is where the source is ___
Moving
____ - Sound waves that get reflected off a surface or boundary and return to the observer
Echo
_____ - A process that uses echoes to map the depth of a body of water in different locations
Sonar
Sound waves travel outward in straight lines from their source until something interferes with their path causing the sound to bend. This happens when sound travels through a different medium or different medium properties (such as ____)
Temperature
In the day the sound travels ___ because the ground is warmer. At night the sound travels ____ because the ground is cooler
Up
Downward
Waves are a propagation of ___, not matter
Energy
_____ - Waves follow this principle meaning they overlap and interact with one another
Superposition
____ - The combination of multiple waves together
Interference
2 types of interference
Constructive interference
Destructive interference
____ interference- When the crest of one wave overlaps the crest of another (perfectly in phase) creating a larger wave
Constructive interference
_____ interference- When the crest of one wave overlaps the trough of another (completely out of phase) creating a smaller wave or completely cancelling
Destructive interference
____ ____ - Created by waves with same frequency, wavelength, and amplitude traveling in opposite directions and continuously interfering. (Can be created by a reflection of the original wave)
Standing waves
___ - no amplitude, more than the antinode.
Nodes
_____ - Max amplitude, less than nodes
Antinodes
Greater frequencies produce more but ____ standing waves
Shorter
_____ (sympathetic vibrations) - produced by standing waves. When an external force applied to a system causes an object to vibrate at its natural frequency
Resonance
When the frequency of a source matches the natural frequency of the object, there is a dramatic increase in the _____
Amplitude
With sound waves, when the natural frequency is hit, the sound ____
Amplifies
As the frequency of a wave increases the wavelength and period _____
Decreases
Frequency _____ affect amplitude nor wavelength
Doesn’t
Amplitude of a mechanical wave is determined by the ___ of the wave
Energy
____ waves travel through sound, need to have matter to travel through, and can’t move through a vacuum
Mechanical waves
____ waves can travel through outer space, and can be radio waves
Electromagnetic waves
The source of nearly all wave motion is a ____ of matter
Vibration of matter
