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IGCSE PHYSICS REVISION > Waves Details > Flashcards

Waves Details Flashcards

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1
Q

Do waves transfer energy?

A

Yes

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2
Q

Do waves transfer matter?

A

No

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3
Q

Wavefronts can be considered as…

A

-The peak of a transverse wave
-The compression of a longitudinal wave

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4
Q

The to-and-fro movements of waves are called…

A

oscillations

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5
Q

In transverse waves, the oscillations are…

A

at right angles to the direction of travel

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6
Q

Components of a longitudinal wave

A

-Compressions
-Rarefactions

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7
Q

In longitudinal waves, the oscillations are…

A

parallel to the direction of travel

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8
Q

Examples of transverse waves

A

-Electromagnetic waves
-Water waves
-Seismic S waves(secondary)

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9
Q

Examples of longitudinal waves

A

-Sound waves
-Seismic P waves(primary)

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10
Q

Waves can undergo…

A

-Reflection(at a plane surface)
-Refraction(due to a change in speed)
-Diffraction(through a narrow gap)

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11
Q

(In terms of diffraction)Wider gaps produce…

A

less diffraction

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12
Q

(In terms of diffraction)Longer wavelengths produce…

A

more diffraction

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13
Q

Features of sound waves

A

-Are caused by vibrations
-Are longitudinal waves
-Need a material(medium) to travel through
-Can travel through solids, liquids and gases
-Can be reflected, refracted and diffracted

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14
Q

Speed of sound waves in states of matter(in descending order)

A

-Solids(travel the fastest in)
-Liquids
-Gases(travel the slowest in)

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15
Q

SI unit of frequency

A

Hertz(Hz)

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16
Q

Features of the speed of sound

A

-Depends on the temperature of the air(increases in hot air)
-Does not depend on the pressure of the air
-Is different through different materials

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17
Q

Speed of sound

A

330m/s - 350m/s(approx.)

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18
Q

Approximate range of frequencies audible to humans

A

20Hz - 20,000Hz

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19
Q

(In terms of sound)The higher the frequency…

A

the higher the pitch of the sound

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20
Q

(In terms of sound)The longer the amplitude…

A

the louder the sound will be

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21
Q

Uses of ultrasound

A

-Echo-sounders(send ultrasound pulses downward into the sea to measure distance)
-Scanning wombs
-Cleaning delicate machinery
-Metal testing

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22
Q

Features of light

A

-Is a form of radiation
-Travels in straight lines
-Transfers energy
-Travels as waves
-Can travel through a vacuum
-The fastest thing in the universe

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23
Q

The laws of reflection

A

-The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection
-The incident ray, reflected ray and normal all lie in the same plane

24
Q

Rules for image size and position

A

-The image is the same size as the object
-The image is as far behind the mirror as the object is in front

25
Q

(In terms of bending effect)the higher the refractive index of a medium…

A

the greater the bending effect(as it slows down light more)

26
Q

Use of optical fibres

A

Signal carrier in telephone systems

27
Q

Types of lenses

A

-Convex(convergeng) lens
-Concave(diverging) lens

28
Q

Potential characteristics of an image

A

-Enlarged/Same size/Diminished
-Upright/Inverted
-Real/Virtual

29
Q

How virtual images are formed

A

Diverging rays being extrapolated backwards

30
Q

Traditional seven colours of the visible spectrum(in order of frequency and wavelength)

A

-Red(longest wavelength/lowest frequency)
-Orange
-Yellow
-Green
-Blue
-Indigo
-Violet(shortest wavelength/highest frequency)

31
Q

Speed of light(in a vacuum)

A

300,000km/s

32
Q

Speed of electromagnetic waves(in a vacuum)

A

300,000km/s

33
Q

Light waves belong to a family of…

A

electromagnetic waves

34
Q

Features of electromagnetic waves

A

-Can travel through a vacuum
-Are transverse waves
-Transfer energy

35
Q

Electromagnetic waves all travel at the same speed in a vacuum(T/F)

A

True

36
Q

Electromagnetic spectrum(in order of frequency and wavelength)

A

-radio waves(lowest frequency/longest wavelength)
-infrared rays
-light rays
-ultraviolet rays
-X-rays
-gamma rays(highest frequency/shortest wavelength)

37
Q

radio waves(in order of frequency and wavelength)

A

-long wave(lowest frequency/longest wavelength)
-medium wave
-short wave
-VHF
-UHF
-microwaves(highest frequency/shortest wavelength)

38
Q

Uses of long waves

A

long distance AM radio

39
Q

Uses of medium waves

A

local AM radio

40
Q

Uses of short waves

A

amateur radio

41
Q

Uses of VHF

A

FM radio

42
Q

Uses of UHF

A

TV broadcasts

43
Q

Uses of microwaves

A

-Mobile phones
-Microwave ovens(heating effect)
-Satellite television
-Wi-Fi

44
Q

Uses of infrared rays

A

-Electric grills
-Intruder alarms
-Thermal imaging
-Optical fibres
-TV remote controllers

45
Q

Uses of light rays

A

-Vision
-Photography
-Illumination

46
Q

Uses of ultraviolet rays

A

-Killing bacteria
-Sterilising water
-Security marking
-Detecting fake bank notes

47
Q

Uses of X-rays

A

-X-ray photography(medical scanning)
-Security scanners

48
Q

Uses of gamma rays

A

-Sterilising food and medical equipment
-Detecting and treating cancer
-Medical scanning

49
Q

Harmful effects of excessive exposure to microwaves

A

Internal heating of body cells

50
Q

Harmful effects of excessive exposure to infrared rays

A

Skin burns

51
Q

Harmful effects of excessive exposure to ultraviolet rays

A

Damage to surface cells and eyes(leading to skin cancer and eye conditions)

52
Q

Harmful effects of excessive exposure to X-rays and gamma rays

A

Mutation or damage to cells in the body

53
Q

A sound can be transmitted as a…

A

-digital signal
-analogue signal

54
Q

Features of analogue signals

A

-Varies continuously in both amplitude and frequency
-Signal can take one of many different values

55
Q

Features of digital signals

A

-A series of pulses(of either 1s or 0s)
-Signal can only take 2 values(either a 1 or a 0)

56
Q

Benefits of digital signalling

A

-Increased rate of transmission of data
-Increased range(due to accurate signal regeneration)

IGCSE PHYSICS REVISION (13 decks)

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