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physics > Waves chapter 1 > Flashcards

Waves chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

definition of electromagnetic wave

A

 a wave that consists of perpendicular electric and magnetic
field oscillations

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2
Q

longitudinal wave

A

 a wave in which the oscillations are parallel to the direction of wave
travel and energy transmission

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3
Q

mechanical wave

A

a wave which requires a material medium

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4
Q

medium (waves)

A

 a physical substance through which a wave propagates

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5
Q

oscillate 

A

e to move back and forth in a regular motion

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6
Q

transverse wave

A

 a wave in which the oscillations are perpendicular to the direction
of wave travel and energy transmission

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7
Q

vacuum 

A

a region that does not contain matter

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8
Q

wave

A

e the transmission of energy via oscillations from one location to another without
the net transfer of matter

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9
Q

longitudinal wave ; direction of wave propagation

A

parrel to the direction of wave propagation

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10
Q

property’s of Longitudinal wave

A

Sound waves, waves in springs, or the primary (P)
waves in an earthquake.

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11
Q

Transverse wave ; Direction of wave propagation and real life uses

A

Waves in strings, electromagnetic waves,
and water waves., Perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation.
For a transverse wave travelling to the right,

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12
Q

mechanical waves

A

Propagation of the oscillation
of matter within a medium

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13
Q

Electromagnetic waves

A

Propagation of oscillation
of electric and magnetic field

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14
Q

crest

A

a point on the wave where the amplitude is a maximum positive value

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15
Q

frequency

A

the number of cycles completed per unit of time

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16
Q

amplitude (waves) 

A

the magnitude of an oscillation’s maximum value from the neutral
point within a wave

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17
Q

trough a

A

a point on the wave where the amplitude is a maximum negative value

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18
Q

wave cycle t

A

the process of a wave completing one full oscillation, ending up in a final
configuration identical to the initial configuration

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19
Q

wavelength

A

 the distance covered by one complete wave cycle

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20
Q

wave speed 

A

 the speed at which a wave transfers its energy through a medium

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21
Q

write down the wave equation (period)

A
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22
Q

wave equation (frequancy)

A

v=fλ

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23
Q

frequency-period inverse
relationship
f =
__

A

frequency-period inverse
relationship

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24
Q

what are the 4 Wave properties

A

amplitude, wavelength, period,
and frequency. They are essential to describing the behaviour of all waves

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25
Q

Wave properties symbol ?

A

Wavelength λ Length often in metres (m)
Frequency f Cycles per second often in Hz or s−1
Period T Time often in seconds (s)
Amplitude A Displacement often in metres (m) OR
pressure often in pascal (Pa)

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26
Q

relationship between -period and frequancy

A

frequency and period are inversely proportional.

if frequency doubles then period will halve and vice versa

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27
Q

how to increase energy of wave

A

by

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28
Q

what does the amplitude

A

amplitude (also known as intensity) tells us how
bright the light is

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29
Q

what determines the waves frequancy of an wave

A

e source of the wave determines its frequency

30
Q

what determines the speed of an wave

A

The physical properties of the medium through which a wave travels determines
its speed

31
Q

how factors determine speed and frequancy

A

The speed and frequency of a wave are both determined by external factors. In order
to change their values these external factors must also change.

32
Q

How does the source determine the frequency?

A

Wave frequency will be determined by how fast the source of the wave is
vibrating/oscillating. The faster the source is vibrating the higher the frequency of a
wave. Take sound for example, a speaker vibrating slower will produce a sound at a
lower frequency. Light is another example, the faster an atom vibrates, such as when
it gets hotter, the higher the frequency electromagnetic wave it will produce.

33
Q

1C

A
34
Q

electromagnetic spectrum 

A

the range of all electromagnetic waves ordered
by frequency and wavelength

35
Q

radiation

A

the transmission of energy in the form of electromagnetic waves
or high-speed particles

36
Q

order ;LONG WAVELENGHT - short wavelenght

A

Radio waves ,Microwaves Infrared, Ultraviolet X-rays , Gamma rays

37
Q

what is the reigon in the electromagnetic spectrum that the human eye can see

A

Visable spectrum , other reigons are invisable to the human eye

38
Q

what sort of radiations does the sun emmit and what percentage of them

A

The Sun emits radiation mostly as infrared (≈ 50%), visible light (≈ 40%),
and ultraviolet ( ≈ 10%).

39
Q

property’s of radio waves

A

travel long distance uninterrupted due to thier long wavelenght

Diffract around obstacles like buildings and mountains and can reflect off the
ionosphere to help travel long distances.

40
Q

usage of radio waves

A

3 usages - mostly used in radio and televison communication , where they are
emitted by radio towers and picked up by antennae on devices such as car radios

41
Q

property’s of microwaves

A
42
Q

usage of microwaves

A

used to heat food in microwave ovens
used in mobile phone signals , wi-fi and rader system

43
Q

usage of infrared

A

It is also used in some forms of signal transmission such as TV remote controls

thermal vision goggles use infrared and convert
it to visible light to ‘see’ temperature

44
Q

usage of visible

A

allows humans , and many species to see

. White light contains all frequencies of visible light

45
Q

what colours are at the low frequancy / and what colours are at the higher frequancy llower frequancy end of the visible spectrum

A

1-Red is at the low frequency/long wavelength end of the visible spectrum

2- violet
is at the high frequency/short wavelength end as shown

46
Q

usage of Ultraviolet

A

Used in sterilisation processes and to cure (harden) different materials
due to its high energy

Used in black lights (UV light bulbs) for forensic analysis

47
Q

property of the X-ray

A

High energy and highly penetrating.

Can damage the DNA in cells or even kill cells in significant doses.

Produced by cosmic objects and used by astronomers to study those objects.

48
Q

usage of x rays

A

Useful for imaging bone structures as they pass easily through soft tissue

49
Q

Gamma rays

A

Used in medicine to target and kill tumour cells but care must be taken
to minimise damage to other cells

50
Q

1D Refraction and reflection

A
51
Q

Angle of incidence

A

the angle to the normal of a ray approaching a medium boundary

52
Q

angle of reflection

A

the angle to the normal of a ray reflected at a medium boundary

53
Q

angle of refraction

A

 the angle to the normal of a ray refracted at a medium boundary

54
Q

critical angle

A

The critical angle is the incident angle at which the refracted angle is 90°

55
Q

normal 

A

an imaginary line perpendicular to the medium boundary at the point
of incidence

56
Q

refraction

A

 the change in direction of a wave moving between two mediums with
different refractive indices

57
Q

refractive index 

A

 for a given medium, the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum
to the speed of light in that medium

58
Q

total internal reflection

A

the reflection of all incident light at a boundary between
two mediums

59
Q

transmission

A

the transfer of wave energy through or between wave mediums

60
Q

what happens to the Light crossing the boundary at an
angle of incidence of 0°

A

Light crossing the boundary at an
angle of incidence of 0° means that
it will not change direction, however
its speed (and therefore its wavelength)
will still be affected by changing

61
Q

what happens when light t travels from its current medium into one with a higher refractive index ?

A

bends toward the normal

therefore the angle of refraction θr
will be less than the angle of incidence θi

62
Q

When light travels from its current medium into one with a lower refractive index

A

bends away from the normal

therefore the angle of refraction θr
will be greater than the angle of incidence θi

63
Q

what is Snell’s Law 

A

We use Snell’s Law to calculate the direction light, compared to the normal,
will move after travelling through the boundary between mediums. Snell’s Law

64
Q

usage of snell’s law

A

Snell’s Law
has a wide range of applications in optics, the branch of physics that studies
the behaviour of light, helping construct cameras, eyeglasses and contact lenses.

65
Q

1E White light and optical phenomena

A
66
Q

cladding

A

layer of a lower refractive index material forming a protective coating around
the inner core of a fibre optic cable

67
Q

dispersion

A

the separation of white light into its constituent colours due to the different
refractive indices for different frequencies (colours) of light in a given medium

68
Q

fibre optic cable

A

a single cable containing one or more optical fibres encased in cladding
to protect it from the environment

69
Q

illusion 

A

a deceptive or misinterpreted sensory experience

70
Q

optical fibre

A

a glass fibre that utilises total internal reflection to transmit light over
long distances

71
Q

How are rainbows formed?

A

the Sun is behind the observer,
* there are water droplets in the air,
* the observer is far enough away from the water droplets,
* sufficiently bright sunlight reaches the water droplets to disperse and reflect
light into the observer’s eyes.

72
Q

wavelenght of red and violet

A

r red (λ ≈ 700 nm) and violet (λ ≈ 380 nm)

physics (2 decks)

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