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S4 Physics > Waves And Radiation > Flashcards

Waves And Radiation Flashcards

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1
Q

Give the definition of wavelength

A

Horizontal distance between successive crests or troughs

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2
Q

Give the definition of period

A

The time it takes one wave to pass a point

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3
Q

Give the definition of frequency

A

Number of waves produced in one second

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4
Q

Describe a longitudinal wave and give an example

A

In Longitudinal waves the particles vibrate in the same direction as the motion of the wave. An example is sound waves

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5
Q

Describe a transverse wave and give an example

A

In transverse waves the particles oscillate (vibrate) at right angles to the direction of energy transfer. Ex water waves (also use light, gamma rays and x-rays)

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6
Q

All waves transfer…

A

Energy

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7
Q

What are the units of frequency

A

Hz

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8
Q

What are the units for period

A

Seconds

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9
Q

What are the units for wavelength

A

(Upside down y) something like lamda

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10
Q

Relationships to calculate wave speed

A

V=f y (upside down)

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11
Q

Relationships to calculate frequency

A

F=N/T

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12
Q

Relationships to calculate period

A

F=1/T

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13
Q

Draw a diagram of a wave label the crest. Trough. Amplitude and wavelength

A

. ^amplitude
/\/\/\/\/\————. ^

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14
Q

Complete the diagram showing diffraction around an object
|||
||| [|]

A

||| \\
||| [|] |||

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15
Q

What is diffraction

A

Diffraction is when waves ‘spread’ in a rather unusual way when they reach a gap in a barrier or the edge of an object in the path of the wave

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16
Q

List the detectors for each type of radiation

A

Radio — Aerial
Microwave — Aerial
Infra red — heat sensitive paper
Visible Light — eye
Ultraviolet — film
X-rays — photographic film
Gamma rays — photographic film

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17
Q

What do all the EM waves have in common? What speed do they travel at?

A

They are all transverse wave and travel at 3x10(8)

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18
Q

Put the EM spectrum in order of increasing frequency

A

Radio
Microwave
Infrared
Ultraviolet
X-ray
Gamma ray

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19
Q

List the typical sources for each type of radiation

A

Radio — TV
microwave — heating water and food
Infrared — remote controls (eg tv)
Visible light — seeing
Ultraviolet — sun-tan lamps
X-rays — imaging breaks/ defects in bones and at airports for scanning luggage
Gamma rays — medical tracers

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20
Q

Define angle of incidence

A

the angle that a line (such as a ray of light) falling on a surface makes with the normal drawn at the point of incidence.

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21
Q

Define angle of refraction

A

Light ray leaving a surface or boundary

22
Q

When does refraction occur

A

Refraction occurs when waves pass from one medium to another.

23
Q

Define refraction in terms of wave speed and wavelength.

A

When light enters a new medium the speed of the light changes.

24
Q

What is the relative ionising effort of each type of radiation

A

Alpha particles — highly ionising
Beta particles — ionising
Gamma rays — very weakly ionising

25
Q

Units of activity

A

Bq

26
Q

Define activity

A

Activity is the number of radioactive atoms which disintegrate and emit radioactivity per second.

27
Q

Define iodisation

A

Ionisation is the addition of removal of an electron to create an ion

28
Q

Describe the nature of alpha particles

A

Alpha particles are composite particles consisting of two protons and two neutrons tightly bound together

29
Q

Describe the nature of beta particles

A

Beta particles are high energy, high speed electrons

30
Q

Describe the nature of gamma rays

A

Gamma rays have the smallest wavelengths and the most energy of any wave in the electromagnetic spectrum.

31
Q

Natural sources of background radiation

A

Cosmic rays, radon gas and buildings

32
Q

Artificial sources of background radiation

A

Nuclear power, weapons test and medical

33
Q

List the applications of nuclear radiation

A

Medicine and electricity

34
Q

Define absorbed dose

A

Absorbed dose is the energy absorbed per unit mass of the absorbing material

35
Q

Relationship to calculate absorbed dose

A

D=E/M

36
Q

Units of absorbed dose

A

Gy

37
Q

What are the dangers of ionising radiation to living things

A

The greater the absorbed dose the greater the damage is likely to be

38
Q

Describe the relative penetration and absorption of each type of radiation

A

Alpha gets absorbed by 10cm of air or 0.01mm of lead
Beta gets absorbed by 1m of air, 0.1mm of lead and 3mm of aluminium sheet
Beta gets absorbed by 1km of air or 10cm of lead

39
Q

Relationship to calculate activity

A

A=N/T

40
Q

What is nuclear fission

A

Fission is when the nucleus becomes unstable and splits into smaller nuclei and releases energy.

41
Q

Relationship for equivalent does rate

A

.
H=H/t

42
Q

Relationship for equivalent does

A

H=D Wr

43
Q

Define equivalent does rate

A

equivalent does rate is the rate at which radiation is absorbed

44
Q

Unit of equivalent does

A

H

45
Q

Define equivalent does

A

Equivalent does is a quality which takes into account the type of radiation

46
Q

State the radiation weighing factors for the different types of radiation

A

Alpha 20
Beta 1
Fast neutrons 10
Gamma 1
Slow neutrons 3
X-rays 1

47
Q

List the annual exposure safety limits for the public and for workers in the radiation industries

A

Member of public 1mSv
Radiation worked 20mSv

48
Q

Define half life

A

The time taken for a radioactive substance to half its original value

49
Q

What are some of the challenges of nuclear fusion

A

Fusion has to happen at a very high temperature

50
Q

What is nuclear fusion

A

Fusion is when smaller nuclei join to form a larger nuclei with the release of energy

51
Q

Describe how fission is used to generate electricity

A

The heat produced during nuclear fission in the reactor core is used to boil water into steam, which turns the blades of a steam turbine. As the turbine blades turn, they drive generators that make electricity.

S4 Physics (1 decks)

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