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IGCSE Physics > waves > Flashcards

waves Flashcards

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1
Q

what is transverse waves

A

the direction of vibration of particles is perpendicular to the direction of propagation of energy

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2
Q

what does transvere waves consist of

A

peaks and troughs

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3
Q

what are examples of transverse waves

A

light waves

water waves

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4
Q

what are ongitudinal waves

A

direction of vibration of particles is parallel to direction of propagation of energy

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5
Q

what does longitudinal waves consist of

A

compressions and rarefactions

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6
Q

example of longitudinal wave

A

sound wave

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7
Q

what is peak

A

highest point of a wave

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8
Q

what is trough

A

lowest point of the wave

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9
Q

what is amplitude

A

maximum displacement from equilibrium position

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10
Q

what is oscillation

A

when wave complete one peak and trough and return to equilibrium

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11
Q

what is period

A

time taken for wave to complete one full oscillation (measured in seconds)

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12
Q

what is frequency

A

number of waves produced per unit time

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13
Q

unit of frequency

A

Hz HErtz

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14
Q

equation for frequency

A

1/period

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15
Q

what is wavelength

A

distance between two peaks/troughs

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16
Q

traingle for wavelength,,,speed,,,frequency

A

wave speed/

frequency x wavelength

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17
Q

what is incident ray

A

light ray that hits mirror

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18
Q

what is relationship between angle of incidence and angle of refelction

A

angle of incidence = angel of reflection

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19
Q

properties of a reflected image on a plane mirror

A
  • image is same size as object
  • image is same distance behind mirror as object is
  • image is right-left inverted
  • image is virtual (cannot be formed on a screen)
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20
Q

what is refraction

A

change of direction of a wave when it enters a medium where speed is different

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21
Q

which waves can go through refraction

A

all waves

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22
Q

describe refraction of light

A

when light enters the medium, it slows down causing it to change direction, when it leaves it speeds up changing direction once more
when it enters it bends toward normal line and when it leaves it bends away

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23
Q

what is the normal line

A

where light bends toward when entering medium andaway when leaving

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24
Q

triangle for angle of incidence and reflection,, and refractive index of material

A

sin(i)/

n x sinr

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25
Q

what is refractive index

A

the refractive index relates to the speed of light in the material which is less than the speed of light in a vaccuum
its always bigger than one and dffers based on material

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26
Q

equation for refractive index

A

speed of light in vacuum/speed of light in material

27
Q

what is the speed of light in a vacuum

A

3x10^8 m/s

28
Q

what is critical angle

A

the angle at which the inicident ray reflects back into the medium (total internal reflection)

29
Q

what is total internal reflection

A

when the incident ray reflects all the way back into the glass

30
Q

what are the conditions for total internal reflection

A
  • light must be passing from a high refractive index to a low one (denser to less dense)
  • angle of incidence greater than critical angle
31
Q

equation for critical angle

A

refractive index= 1/sin (critical angle)

32
Q

what is optical fibre

A

thin rod of high quality glass
very little light absorbed by glass
light getting in at one end undergoes repeated total internal reflection, even when the fibre is bent, and emerges out the other end

33
Q

uses of optical fibre

A 
internet
endoscopy (viewing internal organs)
34
Q

converging lens

A
  • thick in the middle
  • parallel light rays that enter the lens converge and come togther at a point on the principal axis called the focal point
  • the center of the lens is called the optical centre (c)
  • -the ray of light incident at the optical centre passes through without being bent
35
Q

dispersion of light

A

when light slows down in refraction, different colours slow down by different amounts, which causes them to bend different amounts
-dispersion can be used to seperate white light sinto its original colors

36
Q

what are the colors of the light spectrum

A

roygbiv

37
Q

wavelengths of light

A

the different colors have different wavelentghs and frequencies, red with largest and violet as shortest

38
Q

what is monochromatic

A

a single color of light ray

39
Q

what is the electromagnetic spectrum

A

electromagnetic waves form a spectrum of different wavelengths which nclude visible light, x rays and radio waves

40
Q

what are the types of wavelength from longest to shortest wavelength/lowest to highest frequency

A
  • radio waves
  • microwaves
  • infrared
  • visible light
  • ultraviolet
  • xrays
  • gamma rays
41
Q

uses of radiowaves and microwaves

A 
wireless communication
heating food (at high intensity)
42
Q

uses of infrared

A

remote controls, fibre optics, thermal imaging, night vision, motion sensor

43
Q

uses of ultraviolet

A

suntans and fluorescent bulbs

44
Q

xrays

A

xray images (at hospitals and airport security)

45
Q

gamma rays

A

sterilising medical equipment and treating cancer

46
Q

dangers of electromagnetic waves

A

high levels of microwaves can lead to heatig of internal organs
xray gamma ray and ultraviolet can cause damage to living tissue

47
Q

how to measure speed of sound

A

oscilloscope

48
Q

equation for speed of sound

A

speed of sound = distance traveled by sound/

time taken

49
Q

what is the speed of sound by medium

A

travels fastest in solids and slowest in gases

50
Q

typical speed of sound in gas

A

350m/s

51
Q

typical speed of sound in liquid

A

500m/s

52
Q

speed of sound in solid

A

1500m/s

53
Q

what is diffraction

A

when waves meet a gap in a barrier, they carry on through the gap. However, the waves spread out to some extent in the areas beyond thegap
The extent of the spreading depends on how the width of the gap compares to the wavelength of the waves. Significant diffraction only happens when the wavelength is of the same order of magnitude as the gap. So, for example:

a gap much larger than the wavelength causes little spreading and a sharp shadow, eg light through a doorway
a gap similar to the wavelength causes a lot of spreading with no sharp shadow, eg sound through a doorway

54
Q

factors affecting diffraction

A

-gap is smaller than wavelentgh of the wave

55
Q

what are sound waves

A
  • consist of vibrating molecues
  • type of longitudinal wave
  • require a medium to travel
56
Q

what affects the loudness of a sound

A

greater amplitude = greater sound

57
Q

what affects pitch of sound

A

higher frequency=higherpitch

58
Q

what is an echo

A

reflection of sound

59
Q

what are compression

A

where molecules are bunched up ina longitudinal wave

60
Q

what is rarefaction

A

where the molecules are spread out in a longitudinal wave

61
Q

what is the hearing range for humans

A

20-20000Hz

62
Q

what is ultrasound

A

sound with frequency higher than 20000Hz

63
Q

uses of ultrasound

A
  • industrial cleaning
  • breakiing down kidney stones
  • quality control of industrial machines
64
Q

wavespeed in a vaccuum (no matter what)

A

3x10^8 m/s

IGCSE Physics (12 decks)

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