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Waves Flashcards

1
Q

what are transverse waves

A

Transverse waves = when the oscillations of the wave are perpendicular to the direction of the wave

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2
Q

what are longitudinal waves

A

Longitudinal waves = when the oscillations are parallel to the direction of the wave

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3
Q

which category do electromagnetic waves fall in and how fast do they travel

A

Electromagnetic waves = are ALL transverse waves
They ALL travel at the speed of light = 3x10^8m/s

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4
Q

what can transverse waves travel through

A

Transverse waves (including ALL EM waves) can travel through a vacuum.

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5
Q

what is a vaccum

A

Vacuum = a space with no matter/particles enna

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6
Q

what are some examples of transverse waves

A

Examples of transverse wave = EM spectrum

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7
Q

what is the speed of soundwaves

A

330 metres per second

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8
Q

what are some examples of longitudinal waves

A

Examples of longitudinal waves = sound waves, ultrasound waves

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9
Q

what is the effect of higher amplitude

A

Higher amplitude = higher volume (how loud it is)

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10
Q

what is the effect of higher frequency

A

Higher frequency = higher pitch

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11
Q

what is frequency and unit

A

frequency = the number of waves that pass a fixed point in a second.
Unit = Hertz (Hz)

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12
Q

what is a period of a wave

A

Period of a wave = the time taken for each wave to pass a fixed point

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13
Q

in the equation v = fλ, what is the relationship between v and f

A

directly proportional

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14
Q

in the equation v = fλ, what is the relationship between v and λ

A

directly proportional

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15
Q

in the equation v = fλ, what is the relationship between f and λ

A

indirectly proportional

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16
Q

what is the normal line in reflection

A

the line perpendicular to the mirror, in the centre

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17
Q

when drawing your reflective rays, what should u include

A

arrows pointing from the light source, towards the lens ( eye)

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18
Q

what is refraction

A

Refraction = when waves enter a different medium, they change speed. When they change speed, this changes their direction - this makes the waves look like they are ‘bending’.

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19
Q

what is the doppler effect

A

Doppler effect = when there is stationary source of sound, regardless of where you are stood, the sound doesn’t change.
However, when there is a moving source of sound, where you stand determines what sound you here.

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20
Q

explain the doppler effect

A

When there is a moving source of sound, the waves in front of the source is more compressed (squished together) - this means it has a higher frequency and so a higher pitch. However the opposite true when you are behind the source of the sound.

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21
Q

what is the pneumonic for the electromagnetic spectrum

A

Romeo. - Radio Waves
Married. - Micro Waves
In - Infrared Waves
Verona - Visible Light Waves
Using - Ultraviolet Waves
X-Ray - X-Ray
Goggles - Gamma Waves

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22
Q

what happens to the frequency and wave length as you go down the electromagnetic spectrum

A

frequency increase and wavelength decreases

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23
Q

what are the properties and uses of radio waves

A

Radio waves have the longest wavelength
Radio waves are used mostly in communication - used in radios and televisions

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24
Q

what are the uses of micro waves

A

Microwaves are used to heat up foods, communications and radar.

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25
why does food heat up in microwaves ovens
In microwave ovens, the water molecules in food absorb the microwaves and get heated up, heating up the entire food throughout
26
why are the inside of microwave ovens made of metal
All microwaves have metal screens to reflect the microwaves back into the oven and stop them from going outside - the liquid in human bodies can also absorb these microwaves and heat up!
27
why are microwaves used to communicate long distances rather than other waves
Microwaves are used for phones rather than radio waves, as radio waves’ wavelength is too big to pass through the Earth’s atmosphere. Whereas microwaves can pass through and carry signals to satellites in space and back
28
what are the uses of infrared waves
Optical fibres in communicaton systems use infrared instead of visible light (this is because it gets absorbed less by the glass) Remote control handsets transmit signals carrrried by infrared radiation --> infrared is easily produced and detected electronically Infrared cameras - used to see people or animals in the daek Toasters use infrared radiation Infrared radiation has a low penetrating power so can only be used in relatively smaller distances
29
what do all objects emit and why is that wave bad for the human skin
All objects emit infrared radiation The hotter an object is, the more infrared radiation it emits Infrared radiation is absored by the skin --> it can damage, burn or kill skin cells
30
what is one property and the some uses of visible light waves
Visible light is the only one in the EM spectrum that we can see Visible light is used to read barcodes It is used in optical fibres for communications It is used in cameras It is used to read the information on a DVD.
31
what are the uses and effects of UV lights
UV light can cause harm to the skin and eyes UV is used in tanning beds Too much UV light can cause sunburn and blisters
32
how can you block agains uv lights
UV rays can be blocked using protective glasses/goggles and sunblock, sunscreen
33
what is the ozone layer and its function, and what does pollution contribute to it
The ozone layer in the Earth’s atmopshere blocks UV light from entering - due to pollution this is decreasing, leading to increased UV exposure on Earth - this can increase the incidence of skin cancers
34
what do some chemicals do in response to reacting with UV light
Some chemicals glow after absorbing UV light and these are seen in posters and security marker pens - you can’t see htem normally but they become visible upon shining UV light on them.
35
how to flourescent light bulbs use UV rays
UV waves are used in fluorescent light bulbs also: when a current is passed through, mercury vapour inside the tube gives off UV rays UV rays strikes a fluorescent powder coating inside the tube which emits visible light
36
how are x rays used to show objects
X-Rays: X-rays are used in X-ray scans - X-rays pass through soft tissue but are stopped by bone - when the X-rays hit the film, it makes it black - so bones and flesh appear on the film depending on how many waves make it through
37
what are the effects of x rays and how can someone protect themselves against it
X-rays can also cause cancer - radiographers protect themself by wearing lead coats and standing behind lead screen
38
what are xrays used for
X-rays are also used in the constructions industry to check internal structures to look for damages, cracks etc. X-rays are also used in the security scanners (seen in airports, big venues etc).
39
what are transverse waves
Transverse waves are waves where the oscilations and vibrations are perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer rarefaction
40
what are longitudinal waves
longitudinal waves are waves where the compressions and rarefractions are in the same direction as energy transfer
41
what is the equations for frequency
frequency = 1/period
42
what is the equation for period
period = 1/frequency
43
what is the speed of sound
speed of sound = 330m/s
44
what is the speed of light
speed of light = speed of all EM waves 3x10^8 M/S
45
what happens to frequency nd wavelength as you go down the group
EM Waves: frequency (/energy/penetrating power) --> increases as you go down Wavelength --> decreases as you go down
46
why are gamma rays bad for you
Gamma rays have a very high penetrating power (X-Rays do as well) - this is bad as they can reach cells inside the body and cause cell mutations that can lead to cancer
47
what are gamma rays used for
Gamma rays are used medically for radiotherapy --> Gamma rays are used as targeted beams to be used in specific areas of the body to kill cancer cells gamma rays can be used to sterilise medical instruments, and to sterilise food
48
How do radiotherapy technicians protect themselves against exposure to gamma
rays --> they use lead aprons Like X-rays,
49
what is the difference between luminous and non luminous objects
Luminous objects emit light, non-luminous just reflect light (it’s because they reflect light that we can see them
50
what is a periscope
Periscope = a device in a z shape that shows you an image above/below the level of your eyes by using reflection of mirrors - angle of incidence and angle of reflection =45degrees
51
give the analogy to better remember why light bends when refracting
Imagine light entering a glass block. When it enters (going from a low density to high density) the light is refracted towards the normal. When it leaves (going from high density to low density) the light is refracted away from the normal
52
what is the refractive index
Refractive Index = a property of different materials - it is number for the amount by which a certain material refracts light
53
what is the equation for refractive index
n=sin(i) sin(r)
54
what is total internal reflection
Total internal reflection: reflection that happens where we would normally expect refraction
55
when does total internal reflection happen
TIR happens when light is entering from a denser medium to a less dense medium
56
what is the condition for total internal reflection
For total internal reflection to happen, the angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle
57
how many degrees will the refraction angle be at the critical angle
When the angle of incidence is at the critical angle, the angle of refraction is 90degrees
58
what is the equation critical
sin(c) = 1/n where n is the refractive index
59
The critical angle for glass to air =
42degrees
60
and the critical angle for water to air =
49 degrees
61
where are prisms used
We also have prismatic periscopes (periscopes that have glass prisms in the corners rather than mirrors) that use total internal reflection to allow the user to see
62
where else are prisms used
Binoculars also use total internal reflections with prisms - this is what allows binoculars to be short instead of long like telescopes
63
which cable uses prisms
Optical fibres also use total internal reflection - there are two layers of glass in these
64
how do optical fibres work
The glass in the centre has a very high refractive index, but the glass wrapping around this central one has a lower refractive index Due to this, the light will bounce off the walls of the glass tube all the way through
65
wher are optical fibres used
Optical fibres are used in an endoscope = a tube with a light at the end of it that is put in through the mouth, and is used by doctors to see the digestive tract
66
how are optical fibres used in surgery
They are also used in keyhole surgery (where instead of opening a person up, you make a small incision, and put cameras in, and do the operation using tools that go into other small incisions, by watching what you’re doing on camera.
67
why are optical fibre cables better than copper
Optical fibres are better to use in telecommunications compared to copper wires as less energy is lost
68
How optical fibres are used in telecommunications:
Electrical signals converted to light energy Light energy is produced in pulses by lasers Pulses reach a light sensitive detector at the end of the tube Light sensitive detector converts the pulses of light back into electrical signals
69
what are p waves
primary waves which are transverse
70
what are s waves
secondary waves which are longitudinal
71

Physics (10 decks)

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