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Physics AQA Triple > Waves > Flashcards

Waves Flashcards

Paper 2 - P6

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1
Q

What do all waves transfer?

A

Energy from one place to another

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2
Q

What is it meant by an oscillation?

A

When the waves is moving up and down

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3
Q

What is a transverse wave?

A

When the oscillations are perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer

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4
Q

What does perpendicular mean?

A

At right angles

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5
Q

What is the movement like in a transverse wave?

A

The oscillations are up and down but the direction of energy transfer is sideways

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6
Q

What is a longitudinal wave?

A

When the oscillations are parallel to the direction of energy transfer

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7
Q

What to all longitudinal waves require?

A

A medium to travel in e.g. air, a liquid or a solid

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8
Q

What is the amplitude of a wave?

A

The maximum displacement of a point on a wave away from its undisturbed position. And the amplitude is the furthest point the wave vibrates from this undisturbed position.

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9
Q

What is the wavelength?

A

The wavelength of a wave is the distance from a point on one wave to the equivalent point on the adjacent wave.

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10
Q

What is the frequency?

A

The frequency is the number of waves passing a point each second.

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11
Q

What is the unit of frequency?

A

Hertz (Hz)

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12
Q

What is the period?

A

The time in seconds for one wave to pass a point

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13
Q

What is the wave speed?

A

The speed at which the wave moves through the medium

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14
Q

(Triple only) What is refraction?

A

When a wave changes direction when they pass from one material to another.

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15
Q

(Triple only) What can the surface of a material do to a wave?

A

Transmit, absorb or reflect a wave

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16
Q

(Triple only) What is the ray which shows the direction of the ray of light on a surface?

A

The incident ray

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17
Q

(Triple only) What is the dotted line at right angles to the surface of a mirror called?

A

The normal

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18
Q

(Triple only) What is the angle between the incident ray and the normal?

A

The angle of incidence

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19
Q

(Triple only) What does the angle of reflection equal?

A

The angle of reflection equals the angle of incidence

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20
Q

(Triple only) What is the normal human hearing range?

A

Frequency range of 20Hz to 20,000Hz

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21
Q

(Triple only) What can sound waves in the air trigger?

A

Vibration in solides however this only works over a limited range of frequencies.

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22
Q

(Triple only) What happens when waves move from one medium to another?

A

Their speed can change

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23
Q

(Triple only) How can we view the features of sound waves?

A

By connecting a microphone to a cathode ray oscilloscope

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24
Q

(Triple only) What is a problem with cathode ray oscilloscopes?

A

They represent sound waves as if they were transverse waves and that is not correct as sound waves are longitudinal.

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25
Q

(Triple only) Why cant sound waves pass through a vacuum?

A

Because there are no particles

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26
Q

(Triple only) Why can sound waves only move through a medium?

A

That is because sound waves move by particles vibrating

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27
Q

(Triple only) What is ultrasound?

A

Soundwaves with a frequency higher than the upper limit of human hearing

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28
Q

(Triple only) Why are ultrasound safer than X-rays?

A

Ultrasound does not cause mutation and it does not increase the risk of cancer.

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29
Q

(Triple only) How does an earthquake happen and what does it cause?

A

Due to a sudden movement between the tectonic plates in the Earth’s crust this causes seismic waves which carry energy away from the earthquake and these waves pass through the waves.

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30
Q

(Triple only) How can seismic waves be detected?

A

Through seismometers

31
Q

(Triple only) What are P Waves?

A

Longitudinal waves

32
Q

(Triple only) What can P Waves pass through?

A

Both solids and liquids

33
Q

(Triple only) What are faster P Waves or S Waves?

A

P Waves

34
Q

(Triple only) What are S Waves?

A

Transverse waves

35
Q

(Triple only) What can S Waves pass through?

A

Only through solids

36
Q

(Triple only) What type of patterns to seismic waves travel in?

A

Curved paths due to density changes in the Earth

37
Q

(Triple only) Why is there a S Wave shadow zone?

A

Because S Waves cannot pass through a liquid

38
Q

(Triple only) Why are there P Wave shadow zones?

A

Because P Waves travel faster in solids than in liquids

39
Q

What are electromagnetic waves?

A

They are transverse waves which transfer energy from the source of the waves to an absorber

40
Q

What are the 7 electromagnetic waves?

A

Radio
Microwaves
Infrared
Visible Light
Ultraviolet
X-rays
Gamma rays

41
Q

What can electromagnetic waves travel through which other waves cannot?

A

Through a vacuum (E.g. in space)

42
Q

What happens when waves enter or leave the medium at right angles to the surface?

A

Then the waves do no change direction

43
Q

What is a wave front?

A

An imaginary line that connects all the same points in a set of waves and it makes it easier to visualise lots of waves moving together.

44
Q

In terms of wave fronts why can waves change direction when they enter a medium?

A

-When the first wavefronts start to move into the glass those parts of the wavefronts slow down this causes those parts of the wavefronts to get closer together.
-The wavelength gets smaller which causes the waves to change direction towards the normal.
-When waves speed up they change direction away from the normal.
-When the wavefronts approach along the normal the waves slow down as they pass into the medium.

45
Q

What happens when electromagnetic waves are generated or absorbed?

A

Changes take place in atoms or in the nuclei of atoms and they can cause atoms to change energy levels

46
Q

What are the hazards of electromagnetic radiation?

A

-UV waves increase the risk of skin cancer and cause the skin to age prematurely.
-X-rays and gamma rays are ionising radiation which knock electrons off atoms when they are absorbed because of this they can cause mutation of genes and increase the risk of cancer.

47
Q

What does the damage caused by radiation depend on?

A

Type of radiation and on the dose

48
Q

How can radio waves be produced?

A

When electrons oscillate in electrical circuits and these radio waves can be absorbed and they cause electrons in the circuit to oscillate and this creates an alternating current with the same frequency as the radio waves.

49
Q

What are the uses of Radio waves?

A

To transmit radio and terrestrial TV signals, travel long distances and they can reflect off a layer of charged particles in the atmosphere.

50
Q

What are the uses of Microwaves?

A

Heating food because most foods contain a lot of water molecules the energy causes the temperature of the food to increase. Microwaves are also used to communicate with satellites in space because they can pass through the Earth’s atmosphere without being reflected or refracted.

51
Q

What are the uses of Infrared?

A

Infrared is emitted by electrical heaters and is also used to cook food in ovens that is because the energy of infrared is easily absorbed by the surface of objects. And infrared is used in infrared cameras.

52
Q

What are the uses of Visible light?

A

Communication using fibre optics and these are used to carry telephone and cable TV signals. Because visible light has a short wavelength it can carry a great deal of information.

53
Q

What are the uses of ultraviolet?

A

Energy efficient lightbulbs and because UV has a short wave length it carries more energy than visible light and the energy of the UV is absorbed by the internal surface of the bulb and it is converted to visible light which requires much less energy than a normal light bulb. Another use of UV is sun tanning.

54
Q

What are the uses of X-rays and gamma waves?

A

Medical imaging for example X-rays can be used to visualise broken bones and gamma rays are used to detect cancers. And they can be used in medical treatments.

55
Q

(Triple only) What is a convex lens?

A

A convex lens is thicker in the middle than it is at the edges.

56
Q

(Triple only) What is the principle focus?

A

When all of the other rays refract and are focused on a point

57
Q

(Triple only) What is the focal length?

A

The distance from the centre of the lens to the principal focus

58
Q

(Triple only) What do different focal lengths depend on?

A

The strength of the lens

59
Q

(Triple only) What are the properties of the ray diagram if the object is more than 2 focal lengths from the lens?

A

-Image is diminished
-Image is inverted
-Image is real

60
Q

(Triple only) What are the properties of the ray diagram if the object is between 1 and 2 focal lengths from the lens?

A

-Image is magnified
-Image is inverted
-Image is real

61
Q

(Triple only) What is a concave lens?

A

A concave lens is thicker at the edges than the centre

62
Q

(Triple only) What are the properties of concave lens?

A

-Image is diminished
-The right way up
-Image is virtual

63
Q

(Triple only) What is specular reflection?

A

When all of the light rays are reflecting in a single direction and it produces an image

64
Q

(Triple only) What is diffuse reflection?

A

When light rays reflect off a rough surface and the light rays are scattered and this does not produce an image

65
Q

(Triple only) What does the colour of an object depend on?

A

It depends on which wavelengths of light are reflected, transmitted or absorbed

66
Q

(Triple only) How do coloured filters work?

A

They work by absorbing specific wavelengths and transmitting other wavelengths

67
Q

(Triple only) What are objects that we cannot see through at all?

A

Opaque

68
Q

(Triple only) What do the wavelength and the intensity of radiation depend on?

A

The temperature of the object

69
Q

(Triple only) What is black body radiation?

A

Black body radiation is the name given to the thermal radiation emitted by all bodies

70
Q

(Triple only) What will happen to the objects temperature if it is warmer than its surroundings?

A

It will emit more radiation than it absorbs meaning its temperature will decrease

71
Q

(Triple only) What will happen to the objects temperature if it is cooler than its surroundings?

A

It will absorb more radiation than it absorbs meaning its temperature will increase

72
Q

(Triple only) What will happen to the objects temperature is at a constant with its surroundings?

A

Then it will absorb radiation at the same rat as it is emitting radiation

73
Q

(Triple only) How does radiation effect the temperature of the Earth?

A

-The Sun emits short wavelength radiation such as visible light and UV.
-This radiation travels to the Earth.
-Some of that radiation is simple reflected e.g. by the clouds.
-The remaining radiation can then be absorbed by the surface of the Earth.
-This causes the temperature of the Earth to increase.
-The Earth now emits infrared radiation back into space.
-However some of the energy of the infrared is trapped by greenhouse gases in the atmosphere e.g. carbon dioxide.
-This means that heat energy is trapped in the atmosphere and less is radiated into space.

Physics AQA Triple (8 decks)

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