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physics two > waves > Flashcards

waves Flashcards

(88 cards)

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1
Q

what do waves transfer

A

energy from one place to another

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2
Q

what do displacement distant graphs show

A

displacement - how far from equilibrium point wave has oscillated
distance - how far the wave has travelled from the starting point

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3
Q

what is the amplitude of a wave

A

the distance between the same two points on two consecutive waves

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4
Q

what is the wavelength

A

the distance one one entire oscillation

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5
Q

draw a distance displacement graph

A


|
|———————————————– distance
|
|

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6
Q

on a distance time graph instead of one oscillation being the wavelength, what does it represent

A

the time period

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7
Q

what do we use distance time and distance displacement graphs to work out

A

frequency

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8
Q

what is the equation to work out the frequency

A

f = 1/t
frequency = one divided by time

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9
Q

what is the equation to work out the wave speed

A

V = F k(thing)
wave speed = frequency x wavelength

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10
Q

what are transverse waves - give examples

A

where the oscillation is perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer ( the way the wave is moving)
- electromagnetic (radio, light)
- ripples and water waves

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11
Q

what are longitudinal waves - give examples

A

where the oscillations are parallel to the direction of energy transfer ( the way the wave is moving)
- sound waves
- seismic waves

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12
Q

what are the three things that could happen when a wave hits a boundary between two materials

A
  • wave may be absorbed and the energy from the wave will be transferred into the materials energy store
  • wave may be transmitted, when it enters the material it carries on travelling through passing out the other side (refraction)
  • reflected and never enter the material
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13
Q

what are the factors that effect what happens when a wave hits a boundary between two materials

A

wavelength and the properties of the material

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14
Q

what is the rule for drawing ray diagrams for reflections

A

angle of incidence = angle of reflection

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15
Q

draw a ray diagram for a mirror

A

answer on pin board flashcard

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16
Q

what are the two different types of reflection

A

specular reflection and diffused reflection

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17
Q

what is specular reflection

A

the normals are all in the same direction because the boundary is flat (such as a mirror) you get a clear image

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18
Q

what is diffused reflection

A

the normals are all in different directions because the boundary is bumpy (such as paper), light will be reflected in different directions therefore no clear image

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19
Q

what is refraction

A

waves change direction when they pass through one medium to another

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20
Q

why do waves travel at different speeds in different materials

A

they have different densities, the higher the density the slower the wave

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21
Q

what will happen to a wave if it travels at an angle toward a boundary

A

it will be refracted ( the direction will change )

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22
Q

why would a wave bend more toward the normal

A

if the wave moves into a material that is more dense

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23
Q

draw a ray diagram for refraction

A

answer on pin board flashcard

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24
Q

if you shine a white light at a triangular prism what would happen

A

becasue different wavelengths are refracted different amounts, each colour will bend in different directions

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25
what are sound waves and what type of waves are they
vibrations that pass through molecules of a medium - longitudinal waves
26
if particles are more densly packed what happens to the speed of sound and why
increases becasue they vibrations can pass along more easily
27
what happens to wavelengths in high density materials
get longer as sound speeds up
28
why can sound be refracted
it changes speed when moving from one density to another
29
what else can happen to sound waves other than being refracted
reflected and absorbed
30
what is the structure of the human ear and explain how these help the process of hearing
sound waves travel through ear canal and reach the ear drum which causes it to vibrate. these vibrations will be transmitted along ossicles through the semi-circular canal and into the cochlea where the vibrations are converted into electrical signals that travel along auditory nerves to the brain
31
what is the average Hz for human hearing
20 - 20000 Hz
32
what are seismic waves and why do they occur
waves that spread out in every direction travelling through layers of the earth because of earthquakes, volcanoes and explosions
33
what are the two types of seismic waves
p - waves and s - waves
34
what are the properties of P - waves and S - waves
longitudinal and can travel through solids and liquids. they are also faster transverse waves and only travel through solids
35
how did seismic waves help scientists, what did they discover and how
able to discover the different internal structures by measuring which waves could be detected at different points of the earth. P - waves could be detected at both solid areas and liquid areas
36
what type of waves are electromagnetic waves
transverse
37
what differentiates electromagnetic waves
their wavelength and their frequency
38
write out the electromagnetic wave table
radio waves --- micro waves --- infrared --- visible light --- ultraviolet --- x ray --- gamma rays
39
what happens to the frequency and wavelengths as you go up the table
frequency increase and wavelength decresase
40
give one place where gamma rays come from
radioactive decay
41
give one place where visible light, ultraviolet and x rays come from
electrons dropping down energy levels
42
give one place where infrared rays come from
bonds that are holding together molecules vibrating
43
once in contact with a material what can happen to electromagnetic waves
can be reflected, absorbed and transmitted
44
why is it called the electromagnetic spectrum
the waves are made up of oscillations and magnetic/electric fields using electricity in the form of an alternating current
45
what are the properties of radio waves (wavelength and frequency)
longest wavelength, lowest frequency
46
how can radio waves be generated and used for communication
transmitter is connected to an oscilloscope (this allows us to see the frequency of the alternating current). once radio wave is generated, it is detected by a receiver where it absorbs the energy and generates another alternating current which is viewed on another oscilloscope
47
what are the three types of radio waves and give a brief explanation
long waves - travel huge distances as they are able to bend around the earth, some cant bend but are reflected in earths lonosphere short waves - short distances for things like Bluetooth very short waves - they need to be directly transferred between transmitter and receiver
48
what are the two types of microwaves
- ones that aren't absorbed by water - ones that are absorbed by water
49
what are microwaves that aren't absorbed by water used for
communication using satellite as they have to pass through the atmosphere - used for things like satellite tv
50
what are microwaves that are absorbed by water used for
microwave ovens and helping to heat food as they get absorbed by the water molecules in the food, transferring their energy to the food, making it warm up
51
where are infrared waves emitted from
all objects that have thermal energy
52
if an object is hotter, will it emit more or less infrared radiation
more
53
what are the two main purposes of infrared radiation
- infrared cameras - can see animals and people in the dark as they emit infrared radiation which the camera detect - cooking - heating of metals to high temperatures to emit infrared radiation which is transferred to food
54
what is visible light used for
- the light we use to see, different colours are different wavelengths - communication using optical fibres - pulses of light are reflected
55
what are the main uses of ultraviolet waves
- sun beds - security - security pens / passports / bank notes - sterilising water - destroying microorganisms
56
what is the main use of X - rays
to be able to view the internal structure of objects - detect broken bones and disease
57
what do x rays get absorbed, transmitted and semi transmitted through in terms of the human body
absorbed by bone, transmitted through air such as lungs, semi transmitted through flesh such as heart
58
what are the main purposes of gamma rays
medical imaging radiotherapy sterilising things like medical equipment and food
59
why can gamma rays sterilise medical equipment and food
can kill microorganisms without causing any other damage
60
what do doctors and scientists have to be cautious of when using gamma rays in medicine industry
it is ionising radiation and can cause harm to body cells
61
what are the two types of lenses
convex and concave
62
what do convex lenses do
refract parallel light in toward a single point (focal point)
63
what do concave lenses do
refract parallel rays of light outward from the focus point. they disperse light
64
what happens to the power of the lens if there is a shorted focal length, and how can we increase the power
it will be more powerful - make the lens more curved - use a different material that refracts light better
65
where are images formed
at points where all the light rays from a particular object appear to come together
66
what is a real image and how would be describe the image that is formed - give an example where a real image would be formed
formed when light rays actually do come together to form an image - smaller, real, inverted - looking at a real life object
67
what is a virtual image and how would be describe the image that is formed - give an example where a virtual image would be formed
formed when the light rays don't come together where the image appears to be - upright, smaller, virtual - in a mirror
68
what is white light and black light made of
- a combination of wavelengths - an absence of colour
69
why do objects appear the colour they do
- the wavelength of the light hitting it - the properties of the object - these both determine which rays are absorbed, reflected and transmitted
70
define opaque
an object that doesn't transmit any light
71
define transparent and translucent and what is the difference
they transmit a lot of light - transparent is total see through
72
what are colour filters used for
used to filter out colours only letting certain wavelengths through
73
what are primary filters
allow one primary colour wavelength through
74
what are non primary colours
let through wavelength of the colour of the filter and the wavelengths of the colours that can be mixed together to make that colour of the filter
75
what is the best material to absorb and emit radiation
matt black surfaces
76
a hotter object will emit more or less infrared radiation
more
77
what does the wavelength and intensity of infrared radiation depend on
the temperature of the object
78
why do very hot objects emit visible light
becasue very hot objects emit shorter wavelengths of radiation
79
what will happen if an object is warmer than its surroundings
it will emit more radiation than it absorbs and the temperature of the object will decrease
80
what will happen if an object is cooler than its surroundings
it will absorb more radiation that it emits and the temperature of the object will increase
81
how can the earth gain or loose energy
if it emits or absorbs radiation
82
how does radiation effect the temperature of the earth
- the sun emits short wavelengths of radiation - this travels to the earth - some of this radiation is reflected by clouds - remaining radiation is absorbed by earth which increases the temp causing the earth to emit infrared radiation back into space - some is trapped by greenhouse gasses
83
give two factors that effect the temperature of the earth
- the earths rate of absorption and emission of radiation - the amount of radiation emitted back into space
84
what are ultrasounds
sound waves with a frequency higher than the limit of human hearing
85
what happens to ultrasounds between two densities
partially reflects at the boundary
86
what can ultrasounds produce images of
internal organs and foetus'
87
why are ultrasounds safter than X - rays
they don't cause the risk of mutations and therefore the risk of cancer
88
what is the equation to use when determining the distance when using an ultrasound
distance = speed x time

physics two (4 decks)

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