Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

COPY IGCSE Physics > Waves > Flashcards

Waves Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Physics 101 flashcards AP® Physics flashcards
1
Q

What do waves transfer?

A

waves transfer energy without transferring matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is displacement in a wave?

A

distance from rest position (of a particle)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is amplitude?

A

measurement of distance between oscillation position and furthest wave point

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is wavelength?

A

distance between successive crests or successive troughs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Define ‘wavelength’ in terms of particles.

A

distance between successive particles moving in phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are some examples of transverse waves?

A

water
all electromagnetic radiation
seismic S-waves (secondary)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is time period T?

A

time for one complete oscillation of a particle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is frequency?

A

number of oscillations per second

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Formula for wave speed.

A

frequency x wavelength

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the direction of vibration in a transverse wave?

A

perpendicular (right angle) to the direction of propagation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the direction of vibration in a longitudinal wave?

A

parallel to the direction of propagation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are some examples of longitudinal waves?

A

sound waves
seismic P-waves (primary)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What causes wave refraction?

A

change of speed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is refraction?

A

change in wave speed that results in a change of wave direction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What causes wave diffraction?

A

when waves go through a narrow gap or meet an obstacle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What causes LITTLE diffraction?

A

when the gap size is bigger than the wavelength

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What causes A LOT of diffraction?

A

when the gap size is a similar size to the wavelength

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is diffraction?

A

the spreading out of waves through a gap or around an obstacle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How does wavelength affect diffraction at an edge/obstacle?

A

the bigger the wavelength, the more diffraction
when wavelength is small there is no diffraction (eg microwaves)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What happens when water waves go from deep to shallow water?

A

when they enter shallow water at an angle, they slow down an change direction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What happens to the frequency of the wave when it slows down?

A

does not change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What happens to the wavelength of the wave when it slows down?

A

wavelength decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what moves waves forward

A

transfer of kinetic energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

transverse waves

A

oscillation is perpendicular to direction of energy transfer (propagation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

examples of transverse waves

A

light, electromagnetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

longitudinal wave

A

direction of vibration is parallel to direction of energy transfer (propagation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

examples of longitudinal waves

A

sound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

longitudinal waves have

A

compressions and rarefractions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

wavelength in transverse

A

from crest to crest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What do waves do?

A

transfer energy from one place to another without transporting any matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is oscillation?

A

vibration repeated (side to side/back and forth)motion about a fixed point

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

particle oscillation is at __ degrees to the wave direction

A

90

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is displacement?

A

distance from rest position (of a particle in a wave)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is amplitude?

A

maximum displacement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is wavelength?

A

distance between successive peaks or troughs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are some examples of transverse waves?

A

water, springs, electromagnetic waves, seismic waves…

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is frequency?

A

number of oscillations per second

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

formula for frequency

A

1/time for one complete oscillation (T)ORnumber of oscillations/time taken

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

formula for wave speed

A

frequency X wavelength

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is a time period (T)?

A

time for one complete oscillation of a particle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is the formula for speed?

A

distance/time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

In what direction do wave particles oscillate?

A

parallel to direction of wave travel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is a compression?

A

higher particle density (greater pressure than Atmospheric)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is a rarefaction?

A

lower particle density (lower pressure than Atmospheric)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What is wavelength in a longitudinal wave?

A

distance between successive rarefactions or compressionsOR distance between successive particles oscillating in place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What are some examples of longitudinal waves?

A

sound, springs, seismic p-waves (primary)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Name 4 properties of images in plane mirrors.

A
  • upright
  • virtual (real light rays do not come together)
  • laterally inverted
  • same size as object
  • image is same perpendicular distance behind the mirror as the object is in front
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Is an image in a plane mirror real or virtual?

A

virtual (real light rays do not come together)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What happens to light as it enters a different medium?

A

changes speed and direction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

When light goes from a LESS dense to a MORE dense medium, what happens to the refraction?

A

refraction is towards the normal
i>r

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

When light goes from a MORE dense to a LESS dense medium, what happens to the refraction?

A

refraction is away from the normal
i<r

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What happens in refraction when the angle of incidence is 0?

A

no refraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What is the critical angle?

A

angle between incident ray and normal, when the refracted ray is parallel to mediums surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What is refractive index (n)?

A

the ratio of the speeds of a wave in two different regions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What causes total internal reflection?

A

when angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle
when wave speeds up after crossing boundary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

How does an optic fibre work in telecommunication?

A

used to transmit optical pulses over long distances
short pulse of light produced at one end, travels along fibre, totally internally reflecting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What are properties of an image formed when object is beyond 2F?

A

real
upside down (inverted)
diminished

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What are properties of an image formed when object is in between F and 2F?

A

real
upside down (inverted)
magnified

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What are properties of an image formed when object is in between F and the lens?

A

virtual
upright
magnified

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Formula for magnification

A

img height/object height or /img distance/object distance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

How is a virtual image formed?

A

when diverging rays are extrapolated (extended) backwards, not forming a visible screen projection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

How can short-sightedness be corrected?

A

adding a diverging lens in front of the cornea

63
Q

How can long-sightedness be corrected?

A

adding a converging lens in front of the cornea

64
Q

What is the focal length?

A

distance along principal axis from centre of lens to principal focus

65
Q

What is the focal point/principal focus?

A

light parallel to principal axis incident on the lens is refracted and meet at the focal point

66
Q

What is the principal axis?

A

the line that passes through both the centre of the lens surfaces and their centres of curvature

67
Q

What is monochromatic?

A

visible light of a single frequency

68
Q

order of rainbow (visible spectrum)

A

ROY G BIV

69
Q

Which colour is refracted the least? Which one the most?

A

red the least
violet the most

70
Q

What is the speed of red light compared to the others? How does this affect refraction?

A

faster
refracts less

71
Q

What is the speed of violet light compared to the others? How does this affect refraction?

A

slower
refracts more

72
Q

In glass, what are the relative wavelengths of red and violet light?

A

wavelength of red is bigger than wavelength of violet

73
Q

State properties of red light.

A
  • faster
  • refracts less
  • greater wavelength
74
Q

State properties of violet light.

A
  • slower
  • refracts more
  • smaller wavelength
75
Q

State the main regions of the electromagnetic spectrum in order of wavelength, from longer to shorter.

A

radio waves
micro waves
infrared
visible light
ultra violet
x rays
gamma rays

76
Q

State the main regions of the electromagnetic spectrum in order of frequency, from low to high.

A

radio waves
micro waves
infrared
visible light
ultra violet
x rays
gamma rays

77
Q

How is the wavelength and the frequency in radio waves?

A

large wavelength
low frequency

78
Q

How is the wavelength and the frequency in gamma rays?

A

short wavelength
high frequency

79
Q

All electromagnetic waves travel at the ______ speed in a vacuum.

A

same

80
Q

State typical uses of radio waves.

A

radio and television transmissions
astronomy
radio frequency identification

81
Q

State typical uses of microwaves.

A

satellite television
mobile phones
microwave ovens

82
Q

State typical uses of infrared.

A

electric grills
short range communications (eg TV control remotes)
intruder alarms
thermal imaging
optical fibres

83
Q

State typical uses of visible light.

A

vision
photography
illumination

84
Q

State typical uses of ultraviolet.

A

security marking
detecting fake bank notes
sterilising water

85
Q

State typical uses of X-rays.

A

medical scanning
security scanners

86
Q

State typical uses of gamma rays.

A

sterilising food
sterilising medical equipment
detecting and treating cancer

87
Q

State typical uses of gamma rays.

A

sterilising food
sterilising medical equipment
detecting and treating cancer

88
Q

What are harmful effects on people of excessive exposure to microwaves?

A

internal heating of body cells

89
Q

What are harmful effects on people of excessive exposure to infrared?

A

skin burns

90
Q

What are harmful effects on people of excessive exposure to ultraviolet?

A

damage to surface cells and eyes, leading to skin cancer/eye conditions

91
Q

What are harmful effects on people of excessive exposure to X-rays and gamma rays?

A

mutation or damage to cells in the body

92
Q

What is the speed of electromagnetic waves in a vacuum?

A

3 x 10ˆ8 m/s

93
Q

What is the speed of electromagnetic waves in air?

A

approximately same as vacuum

94
Q

What type of electromagnetic radiation is used for communication with artificial satellites?

A

microwaves

95
Q

What do satellite phones use?

A

some use low orbit artificial satellites
some use geostationary satellites

96
Q

What does direct broadcast satellite television use?

A

geostationary satellites

97
Q

What are geostationary satellites used for?

A

some satellite phones
direct broadcast satellite television

98
Q

What are low orbit artificial satellites used for?

A

some satellite phones

99
Q

What do mobile phones and wireless internet use?

A

microwaves

100
Q

Why are microwaves used for mobile phones and wireless internet?

A

microwaves can penetrate some walls
only require a short aerial (antenna) for transmission and reception

101
Q

What does bluetooth use?

A

radio waves

102
Q

Why are radio waves used for bluetooth?

A

radio waves pass through walls (but signal is weakened if this happens)

103
Q

What are uses of optical fibres?

A

cable television
high-speed broadband

104
Q

Why is glass used in optical fibres?

A

it is transparent to both visible and some infrared light

105
Q

What two waves can carry high rates of data (optical fibre)?

A

visible light
some infrared

106
Q

What is an analogue signal?

A

signal can be any level within a range and varies continuously

107
Q

What is a digital signal?

A

signal has fixed values, information is sent in pulses of fixed duration (eg binary)

108
Q

What are benefits of digital signaling?

A
  • increased rate of transmission of data
  • increased range
109
Q

Why does digital signalling increase range?

A

because of accurate signal regeneration

110
Q

what is angle of incidence?

A

angle between normal and ray of light

111
Q

what is angle of reflection?

A

angle between reflected ray and normal

112
Q

what is refraction

A

when waves change speed and direction when passing from one medium to another

113
Q

when light travels from a less dense medium to another what happens

A

it bends towards the normal

114
Q

lens can be

A

diverging or converging

115
Q

diverging lens (mari ignora)

A

espalha dps de passar

116
Q

converging lens (mari ignora)

A

junta dps de passar

117
Q

when top of an image is formed below the optical axis, the image is

A

inverted

118
Q

when image is formed by extension of light rays, the image is

A

virtual

119
Q

what is principal focus

A

point where rays of light travelling parallel to axis meet and converge

120
Q

what is focal length

A

distance between centre os lens and focal point

121
Q

how is long sight corrected

A

converging lens

122
Q

how is short sight corrected

A

diverging lens

123
Q

what is dispersion

A

splitting of white light through a glass prism into each colour

124
Q

order of colours from longest to shortest wavelength

A

red
orange
yellow
green
blue
indigo
violet

125
Q

order of colours from shortest to longest frequence

A

red
orange
yellow
green
blue
indigo
violet

126
Q

what do analogue signals have

A

continuous electrical signals

127
Q

what do digital signals have

A

non-continuous electrical signals

128
Q

is sound transmitted as analogue or digital

A

both :)

129
Q

How is sound produced?

A

vibrating sources

130
Q

Are sound waves transverse or longitudinal?

A

longitudinal

131
Q

What is the approximate range of frequencies audible to humans?

A

20 Hz to 20 000 Hz

132
Q

Is a medium necessary or not to transmit sound waves?

A

yes

133
Q

What is the speed of sound in air?

A

approximately 330-350 m/s

134
Q

Which state of matter does sound travel faster in?

A

solids

135
Q

Which state of matter does sound travel slower in?

A

gases

136
Q

What is an echo?

A

reflection of sound waves

137
Q

What is ultrasound?

A

sound with a frequency higher than 20 kHz

138
Q

What are uses of ultrasound?

A

non-destructive testing of materials
medical scanning of soft tissue and sonar

139
Q

What are compressions?

A

regions of air (or another material) where particles are compressed closer together than normal due to the passing of a sound wave

140
Q

What are rarefactions?

A

regions of air (or another material) where particles are spread out further than normal due to the passing of a sound wave

141
Q

what happens to the angle of incidence in a reflection? (equation)

A

angle of incidence = angle of reflection

142
Q

what is the normal

A

line drawn perpendicular to a surface from which angles of incidence, reflection and refraction are measured.

143
Q

what is the angle of incidence

A

angle between the incident ray and the normal to the mirror

144
Q

what is the angle of reflection

A

angle between the reflected ray and the normal in the mirror

145
Q

equation for refractive index

A

n = sin i / sin r

146
Q

what is refractive index

A

ratio of the speeds of a wave in two different regions

147
Q

what is snell’s law

A

n = sin i / sin r

148
Q

what is critical angle

A

The largest angle of incidence which allows light to leave a material. Above this angle the light will be totally internally reflected.

149
Q

equation for critical angle

A

n = 1 / sin c

150
Q

what is internal reflection

A

When light moves across a boundary between materials some of it is reflected back from the boundary.

151
Q

what is total internal reflection

A

When light is perfectly reflected as its reaches a boundary. The effect only happens if the angle of incidence is above the critical angle.

152
Q

colors are essentially

A

rays of light with different frequencies

153
Q

visible light of a single frequency is

A

monochromatic

154
Q
A

COPY IGCSE Physics (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions