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physics > waves > Flashcards

waves Flashcards

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1
Q

two types of waves

A
  1. transverse
  2. longitudinal
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2
Q

what is a transverse wave

A

a wave for which the oscillations are perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer

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3
Q

what is a longitudinal wave?

A

a wave for which the oscillations are parallel to the direction of energy transfer

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4
Q

2 examples of transverse waves?

A
  1. electromagnetic waves
  2. seismic s-waves
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5
Q

2 examples of longitudinal waves

A
  1. sound waves
  2. seismic p-waves
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6
Q

what are two parts of a longitudinal waves called

A

compression and rarefactions

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7
Q

what is a wave amplitude

A

the maximum displacement of a point on a wave from its undisturbed position

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8
Q

what is wavelength?

A

the distance from a point on a wave to the same position on the adjacent wave
most commonly peak to peak to trough to trough

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9
Q

what is the frequency of a wave

A

the number of waves that pass a given point each second

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10
Q

what is the unit for frequency

A

Hz

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11
Q

what is wave speed

A

the speed at which the wave moves or at which energy is transferred through a medium

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12
Q

what does a wave transfer

A

energy

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13
Q

wave speed calculation

A

wave speed = frequency x wavelength

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14
Q

what word is used to describe when a wave bounces off a surface

A

reflection

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15
Q

how do sound waves travel through a solid

A

the particles in the solid vibrate and transfer kinetic energy through the material

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16
Q

what is the frequency range of human hearing

A

20Hz - 20kHz

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17
Q

what are ultrasound waves

A

waves which have a frequency higher than the upper limit of human hearing

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18
Q

example of an use for ultrasound waves

A

medical or industrial imaging

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19
Q

what natural event causes seismic waves to be produced

A

earthquakes
they produce both p-waves and s-waves

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20
Q

state a difference between the mediums that p-waves and s-waves can travel through

A

p-waves travel through both solids and liquids
s-waves only travel through solids not liquids

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21
Q

what technique is used to detect objects in deep water and measure water depth

A

echo sounding
high frequency sound waves are emitted reflected and detected
time difference between emission and detection alongside wave speed and used to calculate distances

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22
Q

what type of spectrum do electromagnetic waves form

A

a continuous spectrum

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23
Q

order the types of electromagnetic radiation from lowest to highest frequency

A
  • radiowaves
  • microwaves
  • infared
  • visible light
  • ultraviolet
  • x-rays
  • Gamma rays
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24
Q

how do the speeds of em radiation differ in a vacuum and in the air

A

electromagnetic waves all travel at the same speed in a vacuum and in air

25
Q

what property of waves in different mediums causes refraction

A
  • velocity
  • wave speed is slower in denser materials cause refraction
26
Q

in which direction do waves refract when entering a denser medium

A

the bend towards the normal
the angle of refraction is less than the angle of incidence

27
Q

what type of waves can be produced by oscillations in an electrical circuit

A

radio waves

28
Q

how can radio waves create an alternating current in a circuit

A

when radio waves are absorbed, they can induce oscillations in a circuit with the same frequency as the waves themselves

29
Q

where do gamma rays originate from

A

they originate from changes in the nuclei of atoms

30
Q

what health issues can ultravoilet light cause

A

they can cause the skin to age prematurely
increase the risk of developing skin cancer

31
Q

what health effects can x-rays and gamma rays cause

A

they are ionising radiation so can cause mutations in genes
they can lead to increased risk of developing various cancers

32
Q

give 3 practical uses for infrared radiation

A
  1. electrical heaters
  2. cooking food
  3. infrared cameras
33
Q

give 2 practical uses for microwave radiation

A
  1. satellite communications
  2. cooking food
34
Q

give 2 practical uses for radio waves

A
  1. tv transmission
  2. radio transmission
35
Q

what wave phenomena is used by lenses to form an image

A

refraction

36
Q

how does a convex lens form an image

A

parallel rays of light are refracted and brought together at a point known as the principle focus

37
Q

what is meant by the focal length of a lens

A

the distance from the lens to the principle focus

38
Q

what is the difference between the image produced by a convex and concave wave

A

convex lenses can produce real or virtual images
concave lenses can only produce virtual images

39
Q

why does magnification not have a unit

A

it is the ratio between image height and object height
ratios do not require units

40
Q

what determines the colour of visible light waves

A

the wavelength and frequency of the light waves

41
Q

what colour of visible light has the highest frequency

A

blue

42
Q

what colour of visible light has the largest wavelength

A

red

43
Q

what is meant by the term specula reflection

A

reflection from a smooth surface in a single direction

44
Q

what is meant by the term diffuse reflection

A

reflection from a rough surface which causes scattering

45
Q

how does a red colour filter work?

A

a red filter absorbs all wavelengths of light other than those in the red range spectrum
this means only red light passes through the filter

46
Q

what determines the colour of an opaque object

A

different objects reflect different wavelengths of light by different amount
the wavelengths that are most strongly reflected determine the colour

47
Q

what happens to the wavelengths of light that aren’t reflected by an opaque object

A

any wavelength that aren’t reflected are absorbed by the object

48
Q

what colour does an object appear if all wavelengths are reflected by equal amounts

A

white

49
Q

what colour does an object appear id all wavelengths are absorbed

A

black

50
Q

what do all bodies emit and absorb

A

infrared radiation

51
Q

what happens to the quantity of infrared radiation emitted by an object as temp increases

A

the hotter the object, the more infrared radiation it will emit

52
Q

what is a perfect black body
huh

A

an object that absorbs all of the radiation that is incident upon it

53
Q

how much radiation does a perfect black body reflect or transmit

A

none

54
Q

why is a perfect black body the best possible emitter of radiation

A

it is a perfect absorber since it absorbs all radiation incident on it
a perfect absorber is also a prefect emitter

55
Q

other than the intensity of radiation emitted, how does increasing the temp of an object affect its emissions

A

the wavelength distribution of an emission is dependent on the objects temp

56
Q

what can be said about the rates of emission and absorption for a body at constant temp

A

the body is absorbing and emitting radiation at the same rate

57
Q

what can be said about the rates of emission and absorption for a body increasing in temp

A

the body is absorbing radiation faster than it is emitting it

58
Q

give 2 facts that affect the temp of earth

A

the earths rate of absorption and emission of radiation
the amount of reflection of radiation into space

physics (9 decks)

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