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Physics paper 2 > Waves > Flashcards

Waves Flashcards

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1
Q

Transverse waves

A

A wave for which the oscillations are perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer

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2
Q

Longitudinal waves

A

A wave for which the oscillations are parallel to the direction of energy transfer

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3
Q

Give 2 examples of a transverse wave

A
  • Electromagnetic waves
  • Seismic S waves
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4
Q

Give 2 examples of longitudinal waves

A
  • Sound waves
  • Seismic P waves
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5
Q

What are the two parts of a longitudinal wave called?

A

-Compressions
-Rarefractions

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6
Q

Amplitude of a wave

A

The distance from the centre line (or the still position) to the top of a crest or to the bottom of a trough

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7
Q

Wavelength of a wave

A

The distance from a point on one wave to the equivalent point on the adjacent wave (peak to peak, or trough to trough)

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8
Q

Frequency of a wave

A

The number of waves passing a point each second (Hz)

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9
Q

What is meant by a frequency of 200Hz

A

200 waves pass a given point each second

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10
Q

How do sound waves travel through a solid

A

The particles in a solid vibrate and transfer kinetic energy through the material

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11
Q

What is the frequency range of human hearing

A

20Hz - 20kHz

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12
Q

What natural event causes seismic waves to be produced? What types are produced?

A

-Earthquakes
-Produce P Waves and S-waves

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13
Q

Compare P-waves and S-Waves. (4 Marks)

A
  • P-waves are longitudinal that travel at different speeds through solids and liquids
  • S-waves are transverse seismic waves that cannot travel through a liquid
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14
Q

Suggest how seismic waves could give us information about the Earth’s core.

A
  • Change in speed of the waves
  • Waves reflected
  • Waves refracted
  • Waves altered by density OR solid state
  • Waves more differenly through solids and liquids
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15
Q

What technique is used to detect objects in deep water and measure water depth?

A
  • Echo sounding
  • High frequency sound waves are emitted, reflected and detected
  • Time difference between emission and detection, alongside wave speed are used to calculate distances
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16
Q

Order the types of electromagnetic radiation from lowest to highest frequency

A

Radio waves
Microwaves
Infrared
Visible light
Ultraviolet
X rays
Gamma rays

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17
Q

How do the speeds of EM radiation differ in a vacuum and in air?

A

They all travel at the same speed in a vacuum and in air

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18
Q

What property of waves in different mediums cause refractions

A
  • Velocity
  • Wave speed is slower in denser materials, causing refraction
19
Q

In which direction do waves refract when entering a denser medium

A
  • Bend towards the normal
  • The angle of refraction is less than the angle of incidence
20
Q

Where do gamma rays originate from

A

Changes in the nuclei of atoms

21
Q

What are the health effects of ultraviolet waves

A
  • Can cause the skin to age prematurely
  • This can increase the risk of developing skin cancer
22
Q

What health effects can X-rays and gamma rays cause?

A
  • They are ionising radiation so can cause mutations in genes
  • They can lead to increased risk of developing various cancers
23
Q

Uses for infrared radiation

A
  • Electric heaters
  • Infrared cameras
  • Cooking food
24
Q

Give two practical uses for microwave radiation

A
  • Satellite communications
  • Cooking food
25
Q

Use of radio waves

A

Television and FM and AM radio broadcasts

26
Q

Use of visible light

A

Photography

27
Q

Use of gamma rays

A

Radiotherapy

28
Q

Compare the properties of radio waves and gamma rays.

A

Gamma rays have a higher frequency and shorter wavelengths
Radio waves have a lower frequency and longer wavelengths

29
Q

How does a convex lens form an image

A

Parallel rays of light are refracted and brought together at a point known as the principal focus

30
Q

What is meant by the focal length of a lens

A

The distance from the lens to the principal focus

31
Q

What is the difference between the image produced by a convex and a concave lens?

A
  • Convex lenses can produce virtual or real images
  • Concave lenses can only produce virtual images
32
Q

What determines the colour of visible light waves

A

The wavelength and frequency of the waves
Highest Frequency - Blue
Greatest wavelength - Red

33
Q

What word is used to describe when a wave bounces off a surface

A

Refection

34
Q

What is meant by the term ‘specular reflection’ and ‘diffuse reaction’

A

Reflection from a smooth surface in a singular direction
Reflection from a rough surface which causes scattering

35
Q

Describe how visible light can be scattered

A

Light rays deviate from their original path upon striking an obstacle like dust, gas molecules, or water vapours

36
Q

How does a red colour filter work?

A
  • Red filter absorbs all wavelengths of light other than those in the red range of the spectrum
  • This means only red light passes through
37
Q

What determines the colour of an opaque object

A
  • Different objects reflect different wavelengths of light by different amounts
  • The wavelengths that are most strongly reflected determine the colour
38
Q

What happens to the wavelengths of light that aren’t reflected by an opaque object?

A

They are absorbed by the object

39
Q

What do all bodies emit and absorb?

A

Infrared radiation

40
Q

What happens to the quantity of infrared radiation emitted by an object as temperature increases

A

The hotter the object, the more infrared radiation it will emit

41
Q

What is a perfect black body

A

An object that absorbs all the infrared radiation that is incident upon it

42
Q

Why is a perfect black body the best possible emitter of radiation

A
  • It is a perfect absorber since it absorbs all radiation incident on it
  • A perfect absorber is also a perfect emitter
43
Q

What can be said about the rates of emission and absorbtion for a body increasing in temperature

A
  • It is absorbing radiation faster than it is emitting it

Physics paper 2 (4 decks)

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