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Physics > Waves > Flashcards

Waves Flashcards

1
Q

What do waves transfer

A

Energy and information NOT matter

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2
Q

Two types of waves

A

Transverse and longitudinal

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3
Q

What is a transverse wave

A

Oscillations are perpendicular to direction of energy transfer

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4
Q

What is a longitudinal wave

A

Oscillations are parallel to direction of energy transfer

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5
Q

Examples of transverse waves

A

Electromagnetic waves
Seismic s-waves

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6
Q

Examples of longitudinal waves

A

Sound waves
Seismic p-waves

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7
Q

Two parts of longitudinal waves

A

Compressions and rarefractions

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8
Q

Two parts of transverse waves

A

Peaks and troughs

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9
Q

Waves amplitude

A

Maximum displacement of a point on a wave from its undisturbed position

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10
Q

Wavelength

A

Distance from point to point on a wave to the same position on the adjacent wave. Commonly peak to peak or trough to trough.

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11
Q

Frequency of a wave

A

The number of waves that pass through a given point each second

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12
Q

Unit of frequency

A

Hertz
Hz

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13
Q

What is meant by frequency of 200Hz

A

200 waves pass a given point each second

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14
Q

Wave speed

A

The speed at which energy is transferred through a medium

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15
Q

What does a wave transfer

A

Energy

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16
Q

What is wave velocity

A

(Measured metres per second)
Is equal to the product of the wavelength and the frequency of the wave.

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17
Q

Wave speed equation

A

Wave speed (m/s) = frequency (Hz) x wavelength (m)

18
Q

What is meant by period of the wave

A

Length of time it takes for one full wave to pass through a point

19
Q

Word used to describe when a wave bounces off a surface

A

Reflection

20
Q

What is the ‘normal’ (in terms of reflection and refraction)

A

A vertical imaginary line which is perpendicular to the boundary

21
Q

What occurs when light is reflected off a boundary

A

Bounces off a smooth flat surface so that the angle of incidence is the same as the angle of reflection

22
Q

What is refraction

A

Change in speed of a wave as it reaches a boundary between two media usually resulting in a change in direction if it enters at an angle

23
Q

What occurs when light is refracted at a boundary

A

The light changes speed and direction in the new medium. If new medium is more dense the light will travel slower and bend towards the normal. If the new medium is less dense the light will travel faster and bend away from the normal

24
Q

When entering a DENSER material light waves…

A

Slow down
Bend towards normal

25
Q

When entering a LESS DENSE material light waves …

A

Speed up
Bend away from normal

26
Q

How can refraction be measured

A

Angle of incidence (i)
Angle of refraction (r)
Can be measured and compared
All angles are measured relative to the normal

27
Q

What are effects of absorption of different wavelengths of waves in different mediums

A

Some materials behave differently depending on wavelength

28
Q

How do sound waves travel through solid

A

The particles in solid vibrate and transfer kinetic energy through the material

29
Q

How does the human ear work

A
  1. Outer ear collects sound which travels into the ear
  2. Sound waves cause eardrum to vibrate at the same frequency
  3. This is amplified by three ossicles
  4. Causes the hair in the cochlea to vibrate
  5. Cochlea converts the vibrations into electrical signals
  6. Signals are passed to brain through auditory nerve
  7. Brain converts the electrical signals into sound
30
Q

Frequency range of human hearing

A

20 Hz - 20kHz (20,000Hz)

(1kHz = 1000Hz)

31
Q

What is an ultrasound wave

A

A sound wave with a frequency greater than 20,000Hz

32
Q

What is sound of frequencies less than 20Hz called

A

Infrasound

33
Q

What natural even causes seismic waves to be produced
What types are produced

A

Earthquakes
Produce both p-waves and s-waves

34
Q

Are p-waves transverse or longitudinal

A

Longitudinal

35
Q

Are s-waves transverse or longitudinal

A

Transverse

36
Q

State a difference between the mediums p-waves and s-waves can travel through

A

P-waves travel through BOTH solid and liquid
S-waves ONLY travel through solid

37
Q

Significance of S-waves and P-waves

A

They provide evidence that the earths core is liquid as only p-waves produced by earthquakes can be detected on the other side of the globe

38
Q

What technique is used to detect objects in deep water and measure water depth

A

Echo sounding
High frequency sound waves are emitted, reflected and detected
Time difference between emission and detections, alongside wave speed, are used to calculate distances

39
Q

How does sonar work

A

When ultrasound waves are emitted they reflect off boundaries and their echoes are detected
The speed of the ultrasound is known and also the time it takes to detect the echoes
Equation, distance = speed x time is used to find the distance travelled
The distance travelled is halved to give the distance between emitter and boundary

40
Q

How does foetal scanning work

A

An ultrasound wave is sent into the patients body
It passes through the body and reflects off the organs and tissue
The devise then uses the reflected ultrasound waves to produce and image of the foetus
Ultrasound is safe and does not damage cells

Physics (5 decks)

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