Waves Flashcards
What is a wave?
A wave is the oscillation of particles or fields
What is a progressive wave?
A progressive (moving) wave carries energy from one place to another without transferring any material
What is a wave caused by?
A wave is caused by something making particles or fields oscillate (or vibrate) at a source. These oscillations pass through the medium (or field) as the wave travels, carrying energy with it
What are some ways you can tell waves carry energy?
1- Electromagnetic waves cause things to heat up
2- X-rays and gamma rays knock electrons out of their orbits, causing ionisation
3- Loud sounds cause large oscillations of air particles which can make things vibrate
4- Wave power can be used to generate electricity
5- Since waves carry energy away, the source of the wave loses energy
Define the cycle of a wave
A cycle is one complete vibration of a wave
Define the displacement of a wave
The displacement of a wave is how far a point on the wave has moved from its undisturbed position
What is the symbol and units of displacement?
- The symbol is x
- The units are metres
Define the amplitude of a wave
The amplitude of a wave is the maximum magnitude of displacement of a point on the wave from its undisturbed position
What is the symbol and units of amplitude?
- The symbol is A
- The units are metres
Define the wavelength of a wave
The wavelength of a wave is the length of one whole wave cycle, from crest to crest or trough to trough
Are troughs high or low points on a wave?
Low points
Are crests high or low points on a wave?
High points
What is the symbol and units of wavelength?
- The symbol is λ
- The units are metres
Define the period of a wave
The period of a wave is the time taken for a whole cycle (vibration) to complete, or to pass a given point
What is the symbol and units of period?
- The symbol is T
- The units are seconds
Define the frequency of a wave
The frequency of a wave is the number of cycles (vibrations) per second passing a given point
Define the term phase
Phase is a measurement of the position of a certain point along the wave cycle
Define the term phase difference
Phase difference is the amount one wave lags behind another
What are phase and phase difference measured in?
Phase and phase difference are measured in angles (in degrees or radians) or as fractions of a cycle
What is the relationship between waves and reflection/refraction?
Waves can be reflected and refracted
Define the reflection of a wave
When a wave is reflected the wave is bounced back when it hits a boundary.
What are some examples of waves being reflected?
- You can see the reflection of light in mirrors.
- The reflection of water waves can be demonstrated in a ripple tank
Define the refraction of a wave
When a wave is refracted the wave changes direction as it enters a different medium. The change in direction is a result of the wave slowing down or speeding up
What is the relationship between the frequency and period of a wave?
The frequency is the inverse of the period
What is the formula used to calculate the period of a wave?
Frequency = 1/period
What is the formula used for calculating wave speed linking wave speed, distance travelled and time taken?
Wave speed (c) = Distance travelled (d) / Time taken (t)
What is the formula used for calculating wave speed linking wave speed, wavelength and frequency?
Wave speed (c) = wavelength (λ) * frequency (f)
What speed do all EM waves travel at in a vacuum?
All EM waves travel with a constant speed in a vacuum of c = 3.00 * 10^8 m/s
Define the term transverse waves
Transverse waves are waves that travel as vibrating magnetic and electric fields with vibrations perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer
What type of waves are all electromagnetic waves?
All electromagnetic waves are transverse
What are some examples of transverse waves?
- All electromagnetic waves
- Ripples on water
- Waves on strings
What are the two main ways of drawing transverse waves?
1- Transverse waves can be shown as graphs of displacement against distance along the path of the wave
2- Transverse waves can also be shown as graphs of displacement against time for a point as the wave passes
What is the relationship between the shapes of the two graphs to show transverse waves?
Both sorts of graph often give the same shape so you need to check the label on the x-axis. Displacements upwards from the centre line are given a + sign and displacements downwards are given a - sign.
Define the term longitudinal waves
Longitudinal waves are waves in which the vibrations are parallel to the direction of energy transfer
What are some examples of longitudinal waves?
- Sound waves
- Shock waves
What does a sound wave consist of?
A sound wave consists of alternate compressions and rarefactions of the medium its travelling through (which is why sound can’t travel through a vacuum)
On which graph are longitudinal waves usually plotted on?
Graphs of displacement against time
What is a polarised wave?
A polarised wave only oscillates in one direction
Explain an analogy for what is meant by polarising a wave
If you shake a rope you create a transverse wave. If you try to pass the waves in a rope through a vertical fence the wave will only get through if the vibrations are vertical. The fence filters out vibration in other directions. This is called polarising the wave
When only can polarisation happen?
Polarisation can only happen for transverse waves
What is the evidence that electromagnetic waves are transverse?
Polarisation is evidence that electromagnetic waves are transverse
Explain how polarisation provides evidence that electromagnetic waves are transverse
In 1808 Malus discovered that light was polarised by reflection. Physicists at the time thought that light spread like sound as a longitudinal wave, so they struggled to explain polarisation. In 1817 Young suggested light was a transverse wave consisting of vibrating electric and magnetic fields at right angles to the transfer of energy. This explained why light could be polarised.
What do polarising filters do?
Polarising filters only transmit vibrations in one direction
What do ordinary light waves consist of and how can they be polarised?
Ordinary light waves are a mixture of different directions of vibration. (The things vibrating are electric and magnetic fields.) They can be polarised using a polarising filter
What will happen if you have two polarising filters at right angles to each other?
If you have two polarising filters at right angles to each other then no light will get through
What is the relationship between polarisation and light being reflected from some surfaces?
Light becomes partially polarised when reflected from some surfaces, some of it vibrates in the same direction
How can you block out unwanted glare from light?
If you view reflected partially polarised light through a polarising filter at the correct angle you can block out unwanted glare. Polaroid sunglasses make use of this effect
What is the relationship between television and radio signals and polarisation?
Television and radio signals are polarised
Why are the rods on TV aerials horizontal?
The rods on TV aerials are horizontal because TV signals are polarised by the orientation of the rods on the broadcasting aerial. To receive a strong signal you have to line up the rods on the receiving aerial with the rods on the transmitting aerial, if they are not aligned the signal strength will be lower.
What will happen when moving the aerial around when tuning a radio?
If you try tuning a radio and then move the aerial around your signal will come and go as the transmitting and receiving aerials go in and out of alignment
When does superposition occur?
Superposition happens when two or more waves pass through each other
During superposition what happens at the instant the waves cross?
At the instant the waves cross the displacements due to each wave combine. Then each wave goes on its own way.
State the principle of superposition
The principle of superposition says that when two or more waves cross, the resultant displacement equals the vector sum of the individual displacements
What does superposition mean?
Superposition means one thing on top of another thing
What are the two types of interference?
Constructive and Destructive
How many types of interference is there?
Two
Give two examples of constructive inteference
- A crest plus a crest gives a bigger crest.
- A trough plus a trough gives a bigger trough
These are both examples of constructive interference
Give an example of destructive interference
A crest plus a trough of equal size gives nothing. The two displacements cancel each other out completely. This is called destructive interference.
In terms of interference what happens if a crest and trough aren’t the same size?
If a crest and trough aren’t the same size then the destructive interference isn’t total.
What must the two amplitudes be for interference to be noticeable?
For interference to be noticeable, the two amplitudes should be nearly equal
How do two points in phase interfere?
Two points in phase interfere constructively
What does it mean if two points on a wave are in phase?
Two points on a wave are in phase if they are both at the same point in the wave cycle
What is the relationship between the displacement and velocity of two points in phase?
Points in phase have the displacement and velocity
How do you convert from degrees to radians?
Multiply by π/180
How do you convert from radians to degrees?
Multiply by 180/π
What is the phase difference between two points in phase?
Two points in phase have a phase difference of zero or a multiple of 360 degrees
What is the phase difference between two points exactly out of phase?
Two points out of phase have a phase difference of odd-number multiples of 180 degrees or π radians
Why are two different waves sometimes in phase?
In practice this happens because both waves came from the same oscillator. In other situations there will nearly always be a phase difference between the two waves