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IGCSE PHYSICS > Waves > Flashcards

Waves Flashcards

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1
Q

Definition

A

Disturbance that transfers energy and information but not matter

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2
Q

Oscillation

A

To and fro movement of a body about equilibrium

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3
Q

Transverse waves

A

Particles vibrate perpendicular to direction of wave energy. Has crests and troughs - all EM waves

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4
Q

Longitudinal

A

Particles vibrate parallel to direction of eneryg transfer. Has compressions and rarefactions

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5
Q

Formulas

A 
Wavespeed = Frequency X Wavelength 
V= Wavelength / Time
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6
Q

Reflection on straight surface

A

Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection

Nothing changes aside from direction of wave

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7
Q

Refraction

A

Bending due to change of speed, speed in one medium is faster than the other, causing the bend.
Shallow to deep = Away from normal (slower, short wavelenght)
Deep to shallow = Towards the normal (faster, longer wavelength)

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8
Q

Diffraction

A

If wavelength is greater than aperture, more curvature
If it is equal to, less curvature
If it is less than, straight lines with slight curves caused by friction

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9
Q

Sound

A 
Air = 330 m/s
Solids = 5000 m/s
Liquods = 1500 m/s
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10
Q

Sound range

A 
Infra = below 20Hz
Ultra = above 20000Hz
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11
Q

EM waves

A

Combination of oscillation electric and magentic waves

Travel through vacums and air at 3 X 10^8 m/s

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12
Q

Spectrum, lowest to largest wavelenght

A

Gamma, X, UV, Visible Light, IR, Micro, Radio

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13
Q

RadioWaves

A

-Communicaton (transmitters and TV signals_

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14
Q

MicroWaves

A
  • Satellite communication
  • Heating food
  • Mobile phones and WiFi
    Overexposure heats internal body cells
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15
Q

IR

A

-Night vision equipment
-TV remotes
- Communication fibres
- Security (burgular alarms)
- Special cameras for thermal imaging
Over exposure may cause skin burns

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16
Q

Visible light

A
  • To see things
  • Optical fibres
  • Compact discs
  • Laser beams
17
Q

UV

A
  • Skin tanning
  • Detecting forgery
  • Fluroscent tubelights
    Overexposure can cause skin cancer, sunburns and blistering
18
Q

X

A
  • Medicine to take photographs
  • Internal structure of manufacturing objects
  • Security scans of luggage
    Can cause cancer due to gene mutation
19
Q

Gamma

A 
(Radioacive)
-Sterilization of equipment
- Treating cancer
- Preservation of Food
Can destroy living cells, causes gene mutation
20
Q

Signals

A

Analogue - Continous variation from negative to positive values
Digital - No continuous variation, discrete data

21
Q

Advantages of digital

A
  • Easily regenerated
  • Easily restored
  • No disturbance after regeneration
  • Carry more information at once
22
Q

Ways of increasing strength of digital waves

A
23
Q

Light refraction

A

Right angle - no bending
Optically less dense to more dense - towards normal
Optically more dense to less dense - away from normal

24
Q

Refractive Index

A

Speed of light in vacum/Speed of light in a medium

Sin(optically less dense)/ Sin(Optically denser)

25
Q

Critical Angle

A

Critical angle (c) = Angle in optically less dense medium for which the angle of refraction in the optically less dense medium is 90.

26
Q

Total internal refraction

A

Angle of incidence is greater than criticle angle.
Total because 100% of light is relfected
Internal because it happens inside the glass
Reflection because ray is entirely reflected

27
Q

Relationship between c and refractive index

A

n = 1/SinC

28
Q

Lenses

A

A transparent devide that is used to refract light.
Converging/ Convex = thicker in the middle than the edges
Diverging / Concave = thicker at edges than the middle

29
Q

Parts of lenses

A

Principal axis - line pasing through the centre of curvature
Principal focus - point on principal axis where rays converge
Optical centre - imaginary point through which ray travels without bending
Focal length - distance between O and F

30
Q

Images

A

Real - from actual rays coming to focus the image on a screen
Virtual - apparent rays appear to intersect and cannot be formed on a screen

IGCSE PHYSICS (4 decks)

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