Waves Flashcards
Give the equation for wave speed
wave speed (m/s) = frequency (Hz) x wavelength (m) v= fλ the symbol for wavelength is the greek letter lambda it looks like an upside down Y
Describe a transverse wave and gives some examples
A wave in which the vibration causing the wave is at right angles to the direction of energy transfer.
Examples are water waves and lightwaves
Describe a longitudinal wave and give an example
A wave in which the vibration causing the wave is parallel to the direction of energy transfer, sound waves are longitudinal.
Explain the terms areas of compression and rarefaction
if a slinky is pushed backwards and forwards it vibrates parallel to the direction of energy transfer causing a longitudinal wave.
In some places the coils are pushed closer together (area of compression) and in others the coils are pulled apart (area of rarefaction)
Explain the terms which are used to describe waves.
- Amplitude (A) - the height from the middle of the undisturbed portion of the wave. Half the height between the trough and the peak.
- Wavelength (λ) - the distance from peak to peak or trough to trough.
- Frequency (f) - The number of waves produced every second, or passing a point every second, measured in Hertz (Hz).
- Period (T) - the time taken to produce one wave.
What is the equation linking the period and frequency of a wave?
period = 1/frequency
T = 1/f
Describe how you could set up an experiment to measure the speed of sound
- Connect a loudspeaker to signal generator which produces short pulses of sound
- Place two microphones near to the loudspeaker seperated by a short distance which is measured.
- Connect each microphone to the input of a dual beam oscilloscope.
- Use the oscilloscope to measure the time taken for the sound to reach each microscope.
- You can use the equation speed = distance travelled/time taken to calculate the speed of the sound waves produced.
NB remember to convert distance into metres and sound into seconds.
Your answer should come to 330m/s.
What are electomagnetic waves?
They are transverse waves that transfer energy from the source of a wave. There are different types of electromagnetic waves and they have a wavelength from about 1 x 10 -11m to about 1km
Identify some of the common properties of electromagnetic waves
- They are transverse waves
- They transfer energy from one place to another
- They obey the wave equation v= fλ
- They can travel through a vacuum
- They travel through a vacuum at a speed of 300000000m/s ( 3 x 10 8)
Identify some of the common electromagnetic waves in order of wavelength shortest to longest
- Gamma rays
- X Rays
- Ultra violet
- Visible spectrum
- Infra red
- Microwaves
- Radio waves
Explain refraction.
Refraction occurs when wavelengths pass from one medium to another and change direction. Different wavelengths refract at different angles. This can cause interesting effects such as a spoon in water appearing to disconnect and light refracting into it’s spectrum colours as it passes through raindrops to give a rainbow.
Explain how the different wavelengths of visible light behave differently when they are incident on different surfaces?
- A red shirt appears to be red because the material reflect red light. All of the other wavelengths are absorbed.
- Materials which appear white reflect all of the visible spectrum of wavelengths.
- Black surfaces absorb all of the visible spectrum of wavelengths.
A polished metal surface reflects most electromagnetic waves, which waves can pass through think metal?
X Rays and gamma rays
Describe how a microwave oven cooks a potato?
The wavelengths of the microwaves emitted by the oven are carefully chosen so that the water molecules in the potato absorb them, heating the potato and cooking it.
What is the angle of incidence?
It is the angle between the incident ray and the normal.