Water-Soluble Vitamins: Vitamins B & C Flashcards
Identify functions, recommendations, general deficiency symptoms/names of deficiencies, general toxicity symptoms, & rich food sources for Thiamin (B1)
Function: many body functions, including nervous system and muscle function, the flow of electrolytes in and out of nerve and muscle cells, digestion, and carbohydrate metabolism
Recommendations: 1.2 milligrams
Deficiency:
- Symptoms: loss of appetite, muscular weakness, severe nervous disorders, general weakness, edema, and wasting
- Alcoholics are at risk for deficiency because they have decreased hepatic storage and ethanol intake blocks absorption
- Beriberi - thiamin-deficiency disease
Toxicity: unlikely
Food Sources: proc, fortified or enriched grain products, whole grains
Identify functions, recommendations, general deficiency symptoms/names of deficiencies, general toxicity symptoms, & rich food sources for Riboflavin (B2)
Functions: important for body growth and red blood cell production and helps in releasing energy from carbohydrates Recommendations: Infants 0 - 6 months: 0.3* milligrams per day (mg/day) 7 - 12 months: 0.4* mg/day Children 1 - 3 years: 0.5 mg/day 4 - 8 years: 0.6 mg/day 9 - 13 years: 0.9 mg/day Adolescents and Adults Males age 14 and older: 1.3 mg/day Females age 14 to 18 years: 1.0 mg/day Females age 19 and older: 1.1 mg/day Deficiency: not common - Symptoms: digestive disturbances, general weakness, and eye abnormalities Toxicity: unlikely Food Sources: milk, milk products, whole grains, fortified and enriched grain products
Identify functions, recommendations, general deficiency symptoms/names of deficiencies, general toxicity symptoms, & rich food sources for Niacin (B3)
Functions: convert food into glucose, used to produce energy. Produce macromolecules, including fatty acids and cholesterol.
Recommendations: Adults is 14-18 mg/day
Deficiency: Pellegra (4Ds=diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, death)
Toxicity: Niacin Flush
Food Sources: Protein foods (including nuts), whole grain, fortified and enriched grain products
Identify functions, recommendations, general deficiency symptoms/names of deficiencies, general toxicity symptoms, & rich food sources for Biotin (B7)
Functions: convert food into glucose, which is used to produce energy. Produce fatty acids and amino acids (the building blocks of protein) Activate protein/amino acid metabolism in the hair roots and fingernail cells.
Recommendations: Adults is 30-100 mcg
Deficiency: Rare
Toxicity: Rare
- Symptoms: scaly inflamed skin, tongue, and lip changes, poor appetite and nausea, anemia, muscle pain and weakness
Food Sources: widespread, eggs
Identify functions, recommendations, general deficiency symptoms/names of deficiencies, general toxicity symptoms, & rich food sources for Pantothenic Acid (B5)
Functions: may help lower cholesterol
Recommendations: 5-10 mg
Deficiency: rare, but may include symptoms such as fatigue, insomnia, depression, irritability, vomiting, stomach pains, burning feet, and upper respiratory infections.
Toxicity: Rare
Food Sources: widespread, chicken, beef, potatoes, tomatoes
Identify functions, recommendations, general deficiency symptoms/names of deficiencies, general toxicity symptoms, & rich food sources for Pyridoxine (B6 or B12??)
Functions: convert food to glucose, make neurotransmitters, produce hormones, RBCs, and cells of the immune system, hemoglobin and WBCs
Recommendations: range between 1.1 and 1.5 mg/day for women, and between 1.3 and 1.7 mg/day in men
Deficiency: alcohol can contribute to destruction and loss from body
- Symptoms: depression, vomiting, skin disorders, nerve irritation, impaired immune system
Toxicity: Yes, nerve damage
Food Sources: meats, legumes, non-citrus fruits,
Identify functions, recommendations, general deficiency symptoms/names of deficiencies, general toxicity symptoms, & rich food sources for Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)
Functions: growth and repair of tissues in all parts of your body. It is used to: Form an important protein used to make skin, tendons, ligaments, and blood vessels. Heal wounds and form scar tissue.
Recommendations: Adult Men is 90 mg/day and Adult Women is 75 mg/day
Deficiency:
- Scurvy: bleeding gums, poor wound healing
Toxicity: Yes (TUL: 2,000 mg/day)
- Hemochromatosis (higher iron absorption, Oxalate Kidney Stones, erodes tooth enamel)
Food Sources: citrus fruits, cabbage type vegetables, dark green vegetables
What is Pellegra?
Pellegra results from a deficiency of Niacin (Vitamin B3)
Pellegra involves the 4Ds (diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, death)
Discuss the importance of folate in the development of neural tube defects. How does a women meet her folate requirement?
Folate has an effect on the production of DNA and therefore it plays a large role in cell growth and development as well as tissue growth which can all have an effect on the neural tube defects
- If a woman doesn’t get enough folate the baby could have Spina Bifida (a spinal malformation that causes paralysis) or Anencephaly (no brain cortex and a stillborn baby)
Women of childbearing age, or who are trying to get pregnant, should make sure they are getting enough folate by eating the enriched grain products that the government supplies, and also taking a vitamin supplement
Understand folic acid fortification. Why was this established?
The government established this to make sure that people are getting enough folate in their diet. Especially for pregnant women, so they have less of a chance of neural tube defects in their babies.
Fortification means that they add nutrients that are not originally present or present in insignificant amounts
Define Atrophic Gastritis
Process of chronic inflammation of the stomach mucosa, leading to loss of gastric glandular cells and their eventual replacement by intestinal and fibrous tissues.
- Low HCl and Low Intrinsic Factor (IF)
- Vegans are at a high risk for this
Define Pernicious Anemia
A deficiency in the production of red blood cells through a lack of vitamin B12
Explain how one with Atrophic Gastritis can develop poor Vitamin B12 status
If the B12 is not causing secretion of Intrinsic Factor or HCl release from B12 in the blood then the HCl and IF will be low therefore causing Atrophic Gastritis
Explain causes for Pernicious Anemia
Can be caused by the surgical removal of the stomach or cancer and removal of the ileum (loss of a major site of absorption for B12), or Gastric Bypass Surgery
Discuss the role of an antioxidant (as if you were explaining it to a patient). Which Vitamins act as antioxidants?
a substance that inhibits oxidation, especially one used to counteract the deterioration of stored food products.
- a substance such as vitamin C or E that removes potentially damaging oxidizing agents in a living organism.
