Water-soluble vitamins Flashcards
Thiamine functions as a coenzyme for…
energy production from CHO
Thiamine is part of which 2 coenzymes?
TPP and TDP
pyruvate creates acetyl-CoA. which coenzyme is needed to create pyruvate during this process?
TPP
Thiamines RDA is _____ for men and women
“low mg”
Thiamines best food sources include…
all meat, especially pork, and grain products are fortified
Thiamine deficiency is known as ___________ and still occurs where refined grains are eaten (Philippines) as well as alcoholism
“Beriberi”
symptoms of Beriberi are…
muscle weakness, neurological changes, tingling and numbness and depression
Thiamine is also known as…
vitamin B1
Riboflavin is also known as…
Vitamin B2
Riboflavin is part of which 2 coenzymes
FAD and FMN
Riboflavin is involved in reactions where glucose and fatty acids are used for…
Energy
Riboflavin deficiency is very ___________ to occur
“unlikely”
Riboflavin’s RDA is _____ for men and women
“low mg”
what are food sources for Riboflavin?
Milk and Meat, especially pork
Riboflavin is destroyed by…
Light
Niacin is also known as…
Nicotinic acid
Niacin food sources
Meat, especially chicken, grains are fortified
Niacin is part of which 2 coenzymes?
NAD and NADP
Niacin allows us to obtain energy from…
all 3 macronutrients
Niacins RDA is _____ for men and women.
“low mg”
what is Niacin deficiency called?
Pellagra
Symptoms of Niacin deficiency are… (3 d’s)
Dermatitis, Diarrhea and Dementia
Despite being an essential nutrient, humans can make Niacin from which amino acid?
Tryptophan
3% of consumed Tryptophan is converted into what vitamin?
Niacin
Vitamin B6 exists as “vitaminers” in 3 different forms. What are they?
pyridoxine, pyridoxal and pyridoxamine
Vitamin B6 is consumed in its inactive form. What is the name for active vitamin B6?
pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)
Vitamin B6’s RDA is _____ for men and women
“Low mg”
best food sources for vitamin B6
meat and whole grain rice
what is the coenzyme in reactions involving proteins and amino acids? this also includes the formation of the heme ring.
PLP (active B6)
what is in the center of the heme ring?
Iron (Fe)
Iron deficiency may actually be…
Vitamin B6 deficiency (unable to make heme ring with iron in the center)
tryptophan can be converted into niacin and serotonin. what coenzyme is needed for the enzyme that carries out this process?
vitamin B6
what increases the activity of the enzyme that converts tryptophan into Niacin?
Estrogen
extra vitamin B6 may be required for women taking oral contraceptives because it creates an extra amount of what hormone?
Estrogen
extra vitamin B6 may be required for women taking oral contraceptives because it creates an extra amount of what hormone?
Estrogen
what is the UL of vitamin B6?
100mg/day
vitamin B6 deficiency can cause what symptoms?
convulsions, nerve symptoms and seizures
what anemia is caused by vitamin B6 deficiency?
Hypochromic microcytic anemia (pale red blood cells)
Cobalamine is also known as…
Vitamin B12
What mineral is found in Cobalamine?
Co (cobalt)
Vitamin B12 functions as a coenzyme in reactions that transfer __________ groups from 1 biomolecule to another
methyl (CH3) example:
folate-CH3 (inactive),
B12 grabs CH3 -> B12-CH3
leaves only folate which is now active
cobalamine (B12) is only found in foods of what origin?
Animal
If B12 is found on plants, it is from what contaminate?
Animal or human feces
What is cobalamine’s RDA?
2.4mcg/day (19-50)
what foods have Vitamin B12?
Meat, dairy only animal products
what 3 ways should vegans get cobalamine?
B12-enriched soy foods, supplements or nutrition yeast grown on B12-rich medium
what results from B12 deficiencies?
Neurological disorders
Megaloblastic Anemia results from a deficiency in 1 or both of these 2 vitamins
Folate and/or Vitamin B12
Pernicious Anemia, which looks like Megaloblastic Anemia, occurs when a person lacks…
Intrinsic factor (IF) which means they cannot absorb vitamin B12, cured by injections of B12, oral B12 or nasal spray
Folic acid is also known as…
Folate
folic acid has what AA attached
Glutamate
what is folates RDA?
400mcg a day
What are folates best food sources?
Lentils or any legumes, green leafy vegetables and grains are fortified.
folate’s UL is…
1000Mcg/day
Neural Tube defect results from a deficiency in what vitamin?
Folate
Folate fortification in grains prevents what?
NeuralTube Defects (spinal fluid pools outside the spinal cord)
Ascorbic acid is also known as…
Vitamin C
What foods are rich in Vitamin C?
Fruits and vegetables (especially oranges and kiwis)
what is Vitamin C’s RDA?
75/90 mg/day
Vitamin C donates electrons and hydrogens, meaning it is a…
Reducing agent (antioxidant)
what coenzyme is needed to convert cholesterol into hormones and bile acids?
Vitamin C
what is vitamin C deficiency called?
scurvy
what vitamin helps the absorption of iron and calcium?
Vitamin C
teeth falling out and rupture of blood vessels is caused by weakened collagen structure in the body. This is a symptom of what?
Scurvy
what is the upper limit of ascorbic acid?
UL=2000mg/day
iron overload could be a result of toxicity of what vitamin?
vitamin C (enhances iron absorption)
