Water soluble vitamins Flashcards
What are the water soluble vitamins…?
All except ADEK (fat-soluble)
Vitamin B1 (thiamine) needed for…?
CHO metabolism (ox. decarbox., TCA cycle, pentose p.p)
Synthesis of branched AAs
Nerve transmission
Sources of vitamin B1…?
green leaves, cereal grains, yeast (excellent sources)
microbial synthesis usually enough
Deficiency symptoms of vitamin B1…?
inappetance, anorexia, muscle weakness, reduced growth, incoordination, hair loss
Bracken fern poisoning causes what to which vitamin?
destroys thiamine via thiaminase (B1)
Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) needed for…?
part of flavoproteins (eg. FAD) -> H+ & e- transport
Sources of vitamin B2…?
High - fresh forage & yeast
low - cereals
Deficiency of vitamin B2…?
unlikey in ruminants - microbes synthesise
other animals - rough hair coat, vomiting, poor feed utilisation, curled toe paralysis (chicks), opthalmia (eye inflamm.)
Vitamin B3 (niacin) needed for…?
required for NAD & NADP - energy metabolism
Sources of vitamin B3 (niacin)…?
Yeast & sunflower meal
produced by microbes
bound in cereals (little available to pigs & poultry)
Deficiency in vitamin B3 (niacin)…?
poor growth, anorexia, dermatitis & pellagra (scaly sores, lesions on hands etc.), bone & feather probs in chicks
Supplements reduce ketosis (cattle)
Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid) needed for…?
part of Coenzyme A
needed for: FA ox., acetic acid metabolism, chol. & steriod synthesis, CHO & protein metabolism
Sources of vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid)…?
widely distributed
microbes synthesise
Deficiency symptoms of vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid)…?
rough hair coat & loss, slow growth, ‘goose stepping’ gait
Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) needed for…?
AA metabolism
glycogen, glucose, lipid metabolism
adrenalin & noradrenaline synthesis
haemoglobin synthesis
Sources of vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)…?
widely distributed in plants
rumen microbes synthesise
Deficiencies of vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)…?
rare
poor growth, convulsions, anaemia
Vitamin B9 (folic acid) needed for…?
part of coenzyme -> removes single C units to make histidine, serine, glycine, methionine, purines, RNA & DNA)
Sources of Vitamin B9 (folic acid)…?
fresh forage, cereals, oilseed meals
synthesised by microbes
destroyed by UV light, heat, moisture
Deficiency symptoms of Vitamin B9 (folic acid)…?
low growth rate, anaemia, poor bone dev.
Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) needed for…?
several enzyme systems - isomerases; synthesis of methionine, DNA, RBC’s; proprionate -> succinate
Sources of Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin)…?
synthesised by microbes (cobalt also needed)
Deficiency symptoms of Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin)…?
slow growth, poor feathering (chicks), anaemia
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) needed for…?
major antioxidant
enzyme in e- transport (NADH+)
collagen & NA synthesis
made from glucose (liver) - except humans, primates, some birds & fish
Sources of vitamin C (ascorbic acid)…?
fruit (lemon)
fresh green leaves
Deficiency of vitamin C (ascorbic acid)…?
scurvy (gingivitis, emaciation, diarrhoea, bone, teeth & cartilage defects, low infection resistance)
Supplements beneficial in stressed, infected animals
Biotin (vitamin H) needed for…?
coenzyme carbox./decarbox reactions for CHO and nucleic acid metabolism
contains S
Biotin (vitamin H) sources…?
wheat & barley -> poorly available to pigs/chicks
Biotin (vitamin H) deficiency…?
poor hair & nails
Pigs -> foot lesions, alopecia (balding), dry & scaly skin, poor growth rate
Poultry -> poor growth, dermatitis, cracked feet, poor feathering, fatty liver (hepatic lipidosis), fatty kidney syndrome
Supplements horses -> corrected crumbly hoof
Choline needed for…?
water-soluble essential nutrient
structural component of body tissue (lecithin)
precursor of ACh
Sources of choline…?
widely distributed esp soybean meal, mustard-seed meal
Liver can make from methionine
Deficiency of choline…?
fatty liver (hepatic lipidosis) haemorrhagic kidney necrosis
