water sol. vitamins

Question 1

topic 11: str and met. of thiamine, b1 - tpp

Answer 1

thiamine (food) –> liver where it is onverted into TPP by phosphorylation in precence of mg2+ and thiamine kinase enzyme

source: seed coat, milk, meat

excreted in urine

Question 2

topic 12: role, def., of vit b1 thiamine

Answer 2

COFACTOR in ox. carboxylation

pyruvate –> AcCoA (5 factors)

alpha-keto- glut. –> succinyl-CoA (5 factors)

non. ox. part of PPP

AS PROSTHETIC GR of transketolase

deficiency
play role in carb met. decreased prod of ATP and impair cellular func
level of blood pyruvate increase bc pyruvate dh decreased activity
human beri beri

chicken: retracted head, nervous syst,. symph.

Question 3

topic 13: str. and met. of b2 riboflavin

Answer 3

riboflavin –> FMN in liver in presence of mg2+ and by flavokinase
FMN to FAD in presence of mg2+ and by flavin nucleotide pyrophosphorylase

source: green vegetables, yeast, milk

Question 4

Topic 14: role, def, of riboflavin b2

Answer 4

PROSTETHIC GR can bind 2H and be reduced to FADH2 and FMNH2

aerobe: d-amino acid oxidase, xantosine oxidase
anaerobe: succinate dh and fatty acyl coa dh

def.
consume more engery bc of incomplete ox. 
fatty liver
dermatitis hairloss poor growth 
poultry: leg paralysis

Question 5

Topic 15: str and met of niacinamide b3

Answer 5

str
nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (active)

met
nicotinic acid –> liver-> NAD+ by PRPP and to NADP+ by NAD kinase

source oil seeds, liver

excretion as nicotinic acid in ru and in methylated form in all others= methylnicotinic acid

Question 6

Topic 16: role, deficiency of b3 niacinamide

Answer 6

COFACTOR

accept h+ or 2e-
reduced formes Nad+ and NADP+ in ox. and red. reac
DH usually spesific for nad or nadp

Pathways 
NAD: 
glycolysis
TCA
gng
ketogenesis

NADP
PPP
fa synth
cholesterol synth

def
human pellagra, DDD
animals black tongue disease

Question 7

Topic 17: str and met of pantohenic acid - hs coa

Answer 7

abs in intestine and gets transformed into hscoa

panthotenic acid –> 4-phosphopantohenic acid + cys –> 4-phosphopantoenylcysteine –> 4-phosphopantheine –> dephosphocoenzyme a –> coenzyme a /HS COA

EXCRETION : URINE and feces

Question 8

Topic 18: role, defi.

Answer 8

role:
coenzyme a, thiol gr that act as a acyl carrier and from a thioesters ( hugh energy bond)
in fx. succinyl coa, accoa fatty acyl coa methylmalonyl coa
PROSTHETIC group on fA synthase complex
ACP, 4 phosphopantheine forms can carry acetyl or acyl gr. via thioester bonds. binds fatty acids during fa synth.

deficiency
rare

fatty liver, dermatitis, goose stepping, poor growth

Question 9

Topic 19: str and met of pyridoxine b6

Answer 9

pyridoxine
pyridoxal
pyridoxamine

converted into PALP in liver:

pyridoxine –> pyridoxal by pyridoxine dh and to PALP by pyridoxal kinase

excreted as pyridoxic acid by ox. of pyridoxal in urine

Question 10

Topic 20: role, def. of pyridoxine b6

Answer 10

transamination, decarboxylation, condesation

all transaminases uses PALP as COENZYME
- ALT, AST

non ox. carboxylation
aa –> amine and CO2

phorphyrine synth as COFACTOR of ALA synthase
succinyl - coa + gly to ALA (PALP)

def
ANAEMIA
dermatitis
growth 
reprod
nervous syt symph

Question 11

Topic 21: str., met, deficiency and role of biotin

Answer 11

abs as intact mol., animals cannot deg ring but sidechain

PROSTHETIC GR in many enzymes
carboxylation reac to carry co2

synth of FA accoa + co2-binding biotin –> malonyl coa + biotin enzyme
gng ru
propionyl coa + co2 binding biotin enzyme –> methylmalonyl coa + biotin enzyme

def
raw egg while, avidin binds biotin

dermatitis, weight loss, death

Question 12

Topic 22: str and met of folic acid b9

Answer 12

polyglutamate derivates hydrolyzed into monoglutamate derivates abs

source: spinach, liver
activation: folic acid to FH2 and from FH2 to FH4 in liver. Needs vit c

excretion = urine

Question 13

Topic 23: role, defi of folic acid b9

Answer 13

role
FH4 serve as carbon fragment donator/ acceptor

single carbons : methylene, methyl, formyl

purine synthesis gives carbons to rings N5 and N 10

thymidylate synthase N5N10 FH4
from uUMP to uTMP

Homocys to methionine N5 FH4

Trp to 5Otrp FH4 (co2 out)

def
ANAEMIA
reduced growth rate

Question 14

Topic 24: str and met of cobalamine b12

Answer 14

EF bound to R then R is released and EF binds to IF
transported in blood by transcobalamine 1+2

source liver kidney heart

active forms da and ch3 cobalamine
inactive cn oh cl cobalamine

excreted by urine, feces, bile- enterohepatic cir

Question 15

Topic 25: role, def of cobalamine b12

Answer 15

COENZYMES
da and ch3 cobalamine

intermol rearrangement
methylmalonyl coa to succinyl coa by da cobalamine

adp gdp and udp to dadp dcdp osv by da cobalamine

homocys –> methionine ch3 cobalamine and fh4

dump to dtmp by ch3 cobalamine and fh4

def
lack of IF human
animals mid anaemia reduced growth,

ru usually lack cobolt

Question 16

Topic 26: str and met of vit c

Answer 16

synth. d glucose to d glucoronic acid to l gulonic acid to l gulonolactone to l ascorbic acid by l gulonolacton oxidase

excreted as oxali acid or dehydrocy ascorbic acid

circulates in blood as dehydroascorbic acid

active and passsive tran dep on species

Question 17

Topic 27: role and def of vit c

Answer 17

REDUCING agent

abs of iron
fe3+ to fe2+

collagen synth
pro –> oh pro
and lys - oh lys

steroid hormone synth

trp - 5oh trp –> serotonine

def
scurvy
capillary fragility
bleeding gums
loosening of thheth 
weak bones 
anaemia  
COLLAGEN SYNTH LACK
heat stress pig and birds (steriod horm synth)