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Physical Geography > Water Security and Management > Flashcards

Water Security and Management Flashcards

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1
Q

What is water security?

A

The capacity of a population to safeguard sustainable access to adequate quantities of acceptable quality water

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2
Q

Two areas affected by physical water scarcity?

A

Saudi Arabia and North Africa

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3
Q

Define physical water scarcity

A

Insufficient water to meet demand

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4
Q

Define economic water scarcity

A

Water resources are available but there is not sufficient capital to access the water in order to meet demand

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5
Q

Two areas with economic water scarcity?

A

Sub Saharan Africa and Kenya

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6
Q

How much do the UN estimate water demand will go up by

A

55%

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7
Q

Why are woman and girls disproportionately affected by water scarcity?

A

Woman and girls are expected to collect water, in Africa, 40 billion working hours are lost a year due to water collection. increasing access to clean water can free up hundreds of hours annually per person that can be devoted to school or work

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8
Q

What are the causes of water insecurity? (6)

A
  1. over abstraction
  2. climate change
  3. salt water intrusion
  4. contamination from agriculture
  5. increased demand
  6. contamination from industry
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9
Q

By how much is the worlds population growing annually?

A

80 million

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10
Q

How much more food will need to be produced annually to meet population growth?

A

60% more

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11
Q

How much of the worlds fresh water in used in agriculture?

A

70%

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12
Q

How has rising incomes and improved living standards changed demand for water?

A

It has led to a sharp increase in demand due to changing consumption patterns such as eating more meat, building larger homes, increased use of cars, appliances and energy consuming devices

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13
Q

Why is water in San German, Puerto Rico undrinkable

A

industrial pollution

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14
Q

An example of somewhere where industrial pollution has rendered water undrinkable

A

San German, Puerto Rico

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15
Q

What will be the result of warmer climates on water supply?

A

There will be more evapotranspiration and hence less effective precipitation

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16
Q

What is over abstraction?

A

When too much water is removed from the groundwater so that supplies permanently diminish

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17
Q

What percentage of the worlds aquifers are over exploited?

A

20%

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18
Q

What can over abstraction lead to which further increases water insecurity?

A

increased risk of saltwater intrusion into coastal groundwater supplies

19
Q

What can cause water to be contaminated as a result of agriculture?

A

Chemical fertilizers and pesticides can seep into groundwater supplies

20
Q

What has the expansion of commercial agriculture led to?

A

Increase in nitrate and phosphate fertilizers, causing eutrophication of freshwater ecosystems as well as health risks

21
Q

What has exacerbated salt water intrusion?

A

melting ice and glaciers

22
Q

What increases the risk of salt water intrusion?

A

Global sea level rise and localized abstraction of groundwater

23
Q

What will the GAP project involve the building of?

A

17 hydroelectric power plants and 21 dams across the Tigris and Euphrates rivers

24
Q

How much extra land will Turkey be able to farm as a result of the Southeastern Anatolia Project?

A

1.7 million

25
Q

How much of Turkeys electricity demand will be met by the Southeastern Anatolia Project?

A

22%

26
Q

What is Turkey exercising in the the Southeastern Anatolia Project?

A

What they believe is their territorial sovereignty as the rivers are within their borders

27
Q

What will dry out as a result of the Southeastern Anatolia Project?

A

The Mesopotamian Marshes in Iraq

28
Q

What do the UN estimate with regards to the Tigris and Euphrates?

A

That by 2040 they will no longer reach the Persian Gulf

29
Q

What did Iraq do in 1974 to protect its water supply?

A

Placed troops on the Syrian border and threatened to destroy the Al Thawra dam on the Euphrates

30
Q

What is Israel hoping to achieve with its desalinization project?

A

to provide 70% of its domestic water supplies by 2020

31
Q

What are the environmental issues with Israel’s desalinisation project?

A
  1. each plant requires its own power station which adds to CO2 emissions
  2. produces vast amounts of salt/brine, containing anti scaling agents which harm ecosystems
32
Q

how much water does Israels delsainisation project produce?

A

600 tonnes per hour

33
Q

Key facts of the South-North Water Transfer Project in China? (3)

A
  1. Bejing region has 35% of population but only 7% of the water
  2. Three routes will take water from Yangtze to Northern China
  3. it will cost US$70 billion and will be complete by 2050
34
Q

Negative effects of the South-North Water Transfer Project in China?

A
  1. 345,000 people will have to relocate
  2. risks draining too much from Southern China
  3. Eastern route more at risk from pollution
35
Q

What are the positives of the South-North Water Transfer Project in China?

A

It will reduce water shortage in Bejing and reduce abstraction of groundwater

36
Q

What was the aim of Albuquerque New Mexico’s water conservation scheme?

A

To reduce consumption by 30%

37
Q

By how much has Albuquerque NM reduced there water consumption by since 2001?

A

33%

38
Q

How did Albuquerque NM reduced water consumption by 33% since 2001?

A
  1. Budget if $1 million on education and publicity
  2. Tariffs so the more you use the more you pay
  3. Free water use assessment
  4. Water regulations
39
Q

What does NLARS stand for?

A

North London Artificial Recharge Scheme

40
Q

How much extra water can NLARS supply per day?

A

180 million litres a day

41
Q

Summary of the Berlin rules? (9)

A
  1. Public involvement
  2. Coordimated use
  3. Intergrated management
  4. Sustainable
  5. Minimise environmental harm
  6. Cooperation
  7. Equitable ulitisation(fair share)
  8. Avoid transboundary harm
  9. Equiltable participation
42
Q

What are the Berlin rules?

A

Rules outlining international law relating to freshwater resources

43
Q

What is intermediate technology?

A

Uses cheap and locally avadible resources to meet people’s needs

44
Q

Explain the situation in Kitale, Kenya

A

Schools faced closure due to lack of sanatation. It costs £50 spent to build biolatrines and keep 3000 kids in school

Physical Geography (15 decks)

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