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Water Resources > Water Resources Final > Flashcards

Water Resources Final Flashcards

1
Q

Eutrophication

A

accumulation of organic matter (typ. N&P) that results in DO depletion

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2
Q

Harmful Algal Blooms

A

toxin-producing algae grow excessively and can appear green, blue-green, red or brown.
Causes: water temp increasing, eutrophication, sewage.
Impact: tens of millions of dollars lost in fishing industry, loss of biodiversity, health regard- headache to death

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3
Q

Dead Zones

A

Hypoxia; reduced level of oxygen in water, most marine life dies or leaves area. Desert like

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4
Q

Fish Kills

A

Sudden death of large numbers of fish
Causes: Lack of oxygen, naturally toxic water, disease

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5
Q

Cone of Depression

A

Result from pumping a well and lowering the water table near the well.

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6
Q

Poetentiometric surface

A

Level the water rises to in a well

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7
Q

What direction does groundwater flow

A

GW flows from high to low hydraulic head

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8
Q

Hydraulic Head

A

elevation of the water table relative to a datum (usually sea level)

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9
Q

Hydraulic Conductivity

A

defines how easily pore fluid escapes from the
compacted pore space

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10
Q

Seepage Velocity Equation

A

Vs = (s*K)/n

seepage velocity = (hydraulic gradient*hydraulic conductivity)/porosity

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11
Q

Hydraulic Gradient Equation

A

(h1-h2)/distance between

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12
Q

Darcy’s Law

A

Q=sKA

Q= hydraulic gradienthydraulic connectivitycross sectional area

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13
Q

Nitrogen Cycle

A

Transformations:
Nitrogen fixation
Nitration
Denigration
Anammox
Ammonification

Heavily mediates by bacteria
Fertilizers increase it
Human impact: the burning of fossil fuels, fertilizers, cause nutrient imbalances of trees, change in forest health, declines in biodiversity, DO changes in marine even systems and changes in food web structures.

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14
Q

Examples of in/organic forms of nitrogen

A

Inorganic: nitrate, ammonia
Organic: amino acids, nucleic acid

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15
Q

Nitrogen Fixation

A

Requires 8 electrons & 16 ATP molecule
N2->NH3
Carried out by prokaryotes

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16
Q

Nitrogen purpose

A

Critical for Survival
abundant in atmosphere as N2 ( inaccessible form for organisms)

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17
Q

Symbolic nitrogen fixers

A

Organisms that require a close association with host to carry out the process

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18
Q

Nitrification

A

Converts ammonia to nitrate in 2 steps with specialized enzymes.
Ammonia -> nitrate NO2–>nitrate NO3
Mostly occurs aerobically

19
Q

Anamox

A

Microbial process
Anaerobic ammonia oxidation

20
Q

Denigration

A

Nitrate -> nitrogen gas

21
Q

Ammonification

A

The process of organic nitrogen being released from waste or decomp

22
Q

Water Table

A

the line that represents the divide between the saturated and unsaturated zone

23
Q

Aquiclude/Aquitard

A

impermeable layer in subsurface, clay/bedrock

24
Q

Hydrogen Bonds

A

allow H2O as a liquid to constantly form, break, and reform bonds
Gas- molecules moving v quickly with high energy
Liquid- amorphous, globby arrangement where density is temperate dependent but high
Soild- orderly crystalline structure

25
Q

Polar substance

A

formed mainly by electromagnetic forces (salts)

26
Q

Nonpolar substance

A

Formed via electron sharing (noble gases, gasoline)

27
Q

What temp does water hold more DO at

A

colder, the more DO

28
Q

Physical Water Quality Parameters

A

Temperature: big driver for DO, warmer increases bio activity, abrupt changes kills
Turbidity/Clarity: how well light can penetrate water

29
Q

Chemical Water Quality Parameters

A

Nutrients, Road salts, specific conductivity, heavy metals, organic pollution, acidity

30
Q

Biological Water Quality Parameters

A

Dissolved Oxygen, Biological Oxygen Demand Chemical Oxygen demand, Chlorophyll

31
Q

Rapid BioAssess. Water Quality Parameters

A

Index of Biotic Integrity
macroinvertebrates

32
Q

Factors influencing Phosphorus Avab. in Soil

A

Organic Matter - Increase together
Clay Content - soils with higher clay content have higher retention capacity
soil mineralogy: FE and Al can hold on to P well
Soil pH: optimum 6/7 results in max. p availability

33
Q

Plant available phosphorus (soil solution)

A

comprised of inorganic phosphorus dissolves in water/solution that is readily available for plant uptake

34
Q

Sorbed Phosphorus

A

comprised of inorganic phosphorus attached to clay surfaces, FE, Al, Ca oxides in soil, released slowly for plant uptake

35
Q

Mineral Phosphorus

A

composed of primary and secondary phosphate minerals present in soil. Slow release of phosphorus occurs when the mineral weathers and dissolves in soil water

36
Q

Lake Formation

A

Glacially formed lakes - Great Lakes, have larger surface area
Tectonically formed: deeper, less surface area
Volcanic Lakes: formed in craters

37
Q

Oligotrophic

A

low nutrients and productivity; usually high clarity

38
Q

Mesotrophic

A

moderate nutrients, productivity and clarity

39
Q

Eutrophic

A

high nutrients and productivity low clarity

40
Q

Stratification

A

natural separations of an ocean’s water into horizontal layers by density

41
Q

Summer Stratification

A

Epilimnion- high temp, low density
Metalimnion- rapid temp change, prevents mixing
Hyprolimnion- low temp, high density

42
Q

Fall Turnover Event

A

isothermal - strong winds can now cause turnover

43
Q

Winter Stratification

A

Epilimnion - lower temp, low density
Metalimnion - rapid temp change, prevents mixing
Hypolimnion - higher temp, high density

44
Q

Spring Turnover Event

A

Isothermal - strong wind can now cause turnover

Water Resources (1 decks)

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