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ENS195 CHAPTER 3: WATER QUALITY AND POLLUTION > WATER QUALITY AND POLLUTION > Flashcards

WATER QUALITY AND POLLUTION Flashcards

1
Q

5 Important Characteristics of Water

A

High heat capacity
Universal solvent
Solid is less dense than liquid
High surface tension
Transmits sunlight

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2
Q

Availability of water with its percentages

A

Seawater - 97.5 %
Fresh water - 2.5 %
Ice caps and glaciers - 1.97 %
Groundwater - 0.5 %
Others - 0.03 %

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3
Q

What is the world’s largest watershed?

A

Amazon

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4
Q

Precipitation that remains on the surface of the land and does not seep down through the soil

A

Surface water

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5
Q

Movement of fresh water from precipitation (including snowmelt) to rivers, lakes, wetlands, and ultimately, the ocean

A

Runoff

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6
Q

Supply of fresh water under Earth’s surface that is stored in underground aquifers

A

Groundwater

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7
Q

Underground caverns and porous layer of sand, gravel, or rock in which groundwater is stored

A

Aquifers

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8
Q

The upper surface of the saturated zone of groundwater

A

Water table

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9
Q

Three conservation of water resources

A

Agricultural
Domestic
Industrial/Public

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10
Q

A measure of the suitability of water for a particular use based on selected physical, chemical, and biological characteristics

A

Water quality

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11
Q

State the 6 physical characteristics of water

A

Color
Odor
Solids
Temperature
Absorbance and Transmittance
Turbidity

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12
Q

State the inorganic chemical characteristics of water

A

Ammonia
Nitrite
Nitrate
Organic nitrogen
Total Kjeldhal nitrogen
Total phosphorus
Inorganic phosphorus
Organic phosphorus
Metals
Alkalinity
pH
Dissolved oxygen

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13
Q

State the 4 organic chemical characteristics of water

A

BODs (Biological Oxygen Demand)
COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand)
TOC (Total Organic Carbon
Specific organic compounds

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14
Q

State the 4 biological characteristics of water

A

Bacteria
Helminths
Protozoa
Viruses

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15
Q

Measure of wastewater strength/performance

A

Suspended solids

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16
Q

Measure of organic content/active microbial population

A

Volatile suspended solids

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17
Q

Impact of suspended solids

A

Aesthetically displeasing
Provides absorption sites
May be biodegraded to objectionable by-products
Biologically active solids may cause disease

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18
Q

What are the two source of solids?

A

Inorganic (e.g. clay, silt)
Organic (e.g. fiber, biosolids)

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19
Q

What is the source of turbidity?

A

Eroded colliodal material, biosolids, soaps/detergents, emulsifiers

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20
Q

Two measurements of turbidity? State its function.

A

Secchi disk - maximum depth of visibility
Photometry - absorption and scattering of light

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21
Q

What do you call the color of water with suspended solids?

A

Apparent color

22
Q

What do you call the color of water after removal of suspended solids

A

True color

23
Q

What are the two measurements of color?

A

True color units (TCU)
Hazen or Pt-Co units (PCU)

24
Q

What sources has taste but no odor?

A

Inorganic sources

25
Q

What sources has taste, odor, and usually color?

A

Organic sources

26
Q

How do you measure taste and odor?

A

Threshold odor number (TON)

27
Q

How do you measure temperature?

A

in situ

28
Q

Three sources of dissolved solids.

A

Solvent action on solids, liquids, gases
Contact with atmosphere, surfaces, and within soil
Decay products

29
Q

Two measurements of dissolved solids

A

Gravimetric
Conductance (indicative of ions)

30
Q

It includes carbonates, silicates, borates, phosphates, sulphides and ammonia

A

Alkalinity

31
Q

What are the sources of alkalinity?

A

Dissolution of minerals, detergents, fertilizers

32
Q

What is the impact of alkalinity?

A

taste (in high values), precipitation, buffering capacity

33
Q

It is the concentration of multivalent ions in solution.

A

Hardness

34
Q

Hardness which is equivalent to alkalinity

A

Carbonate hardness

35
Q

What are the sources of hardness?

A

Cations of Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Sr, Al (practically represented as Ca+Mg)

36
Q

It is affected by temperature, salinity, pressure and oxygen demand

A

Dissolved oxygen

37
Q

What do you call the equation that estimate the saturation concentration of dissolved solids?

A

Benson-Krause equation

38
Q

What are the sources of metals?

A

Weathering/deposition
Volcanic eruption
Human activity

39
Q

What are the two synthetic organic chemicals?

A

Pesticides
Volatile organic compounds (Source: solvents, materials in chemical processing)

40
Q

Two types of indicator organisms

A

Indicators of contamination
Indicators of biointegrity

41
Q

Name the 5 types of point sources

A

Domestic
Combined sewer
Stormwater
Industrial discharges
Spills

42
Q

Name the 5 types of non-point sources

A

Agricultural run-off
Livestock
Urban runoff
Landfills
Recreational activities

43
Q

What are the three existing water resources according to NWRB?

A

Marine waters
Groundwater
Surface water

44
Q

What are the 9 agencies involved in national regulation?

A
  1. DENR (Department of Environment and Natural Resources)
    a. EMB (Environmental Management Bureau)
    b. NWRB (National Water Resources Board)
    c. LLDA (Laguna Lake Development Authority
  2. BFAR (Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources)
  3. DOH (Department of Health)
  4. DOST (Department of Science and Technology)
  5. PCG (Philippine Coast Guard)
  6. LWUA (Local Water Utilities Administration)
  7. MWSS (Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System)
  8. MWCI (Manila Water Company, Inc.)
  9. MWSI (Maynilad Water Services, Inc.)
45
Q

What key legislation and year is LLDA Act?

A

RA 4850 (1966)

46
Q

What key legislation and year is the creation of MWSS?

A

RA 6234 (1971)

47
Q

What key legislation and year is the sanitation code?

A

PD 856 (1975)

48
Q

What key legislation and year is the water code?

A

PD 1067 (1976)

49
Q

What key legislation and year is the Philippine environmental code?

A

PD 1152 (1978)

50
Q

What key legislation and year is the Philippine clean water act?

A

RA 9275 (2004)

51
Q

It is to protect the country’s water bodies from pollution from land-based sources and to provide comprehensive and integrated strategy to prevent and minimize pollution through multi-sectoral and participatory approach involving all stakeholders.

A

Philippine Clean Water Act

ENS195 CHAPTER 3: WATER QUALITY AND POLLUTION (1 decks)

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