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Learn W Me > Water Part2 > Flashcards

Water Part2 Flashcards

1
Q

What comprises all the water bodies present on the Earth’s surface?

A

Surface water

Includes lakes, rivers, oceans, and seas.

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2
Q

What are the sources of rivers?

A

Glaciers, snow, and rainfall

These sources contribute to the flow of rivers.

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3
Q

What is the process of removing salt from seawater called?

A

Desalination

This process makes seawater suitable for drinking.

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4
Q

What is groundwater?

A

Water that collects underground after rainwater percolates through rocky layers

It can be accessed through wells and tube wells.

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5
Q

What are springs?

A

Natural fountains where groundwater spontaneously comes out

Hot springs are a specific type of spring with heated water.

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6
Q

What happens to groundwater during summer?

A

It supplements the demand for water

Groundwater is crucial during dry seasons.

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7
Q

What is dissolution?

A

The process involving the disappearance of a solid in water

The resulting mixture is called a solution.

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8
Q

What is a sugar solution?

A

The product formed when sugar dissolves in water

This process is called dissolution.

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9
Q

What type of change is the dissolution of sugar in water?

A

Physical change

No new substance is formed, and the properties remain unchanged.

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10
Q

What is the dissolution of salt in water classified as?

A

Chemical process

It breaks down into sodium and chloride ions.

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11
Q

What happens to salt when it dissolves in water?

A

It breaks down into sodium and chloride ions

This process involves the attraction of water molecules to the ions.

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12
Q

What is the equation representing the dissolution of sodium chloride?

A

NaCl(s) → Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq)

This illustrates the ionic dissociation in water.

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13
Q

True or False: Dissolving a covalent compound like sugar results in a chemical reaction.

A

False

The chemical identity of sugar remains unchanged.

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14
Q

Fill in the blank: The process of a solid disappearing in water is called _______.

A

Dissolution

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15
Q

What is a solute?

A

A solid that dissolves in a liquid.

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16
Q

What is a solvent?

A

The liquid in which the solid dissolves.

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17
Q

What is a solution?

A

A mixture formed when a solid dissolves in a liquid.

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18
Q

What does ‘aqueous solution’ mean?

A

A solution where a substance dissolves in water.

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19
Q

What is an example of a solute and solvent?

A

Common salt is the solute and water is the solvent, resulting in a salt solution.

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20
Q

Why is water called a universal solvent?

A

Because it dissolves almost all substances on earth.

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21
Q

What can water dissolve?

A

Most minerals, nutrients, salts, metals, and gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide.

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22
Q

What is solubility?

A

The ability of a solute to dissolve in a given solvent at a given temperature.

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23
Q

How is solubility usually expressed?

A

As a percentage.

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24
Q

What is the solubility of a solid?

A

The amount of solute which 100 grams of a solvent can dissolve at a given temperature.

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25
Q

What is a saturated solution?

A

A solution in which no more solute can dissolve at a specific temperature.

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26
Q

What is an unsaturated solution?

A

A solution in which more solute can dissolve at a specific temperature.

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27
Q

What is a supersaturated solution?

A

A solution that contains more solute than the solvent can dissolve at a specific temperature.

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28
Q

How does temperature affect solubility?

A

Solubility increases with temperature; a saturated solution becomes unsaturated on heating.

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29
Q

How does stirring affect the formation of a solution?

A

Stirring increases the rate of formation of a solution.

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30
Q

How does particle size affect solubility?

A

Smaller particle size leads to faster dissolution.

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31
Q

What is an example of a colloid?

A

Starch solution, gum, blood, ink, and clouds behave like colloids.

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32
Q

Why does the sky appear blue when looking through a cloud?

A

The sky appears blue due to the scattering of light by colloidal particles.

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33
Q

How can colloids be identified?

A

Colloids can be identified by the Tyndall effect.

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34
Q

What is a true solution?

A

A true solution is a homogeneous mixture where the solute has a particle size of less than 1 nm.

35
Q

What is an example of a true solution?

A

A simple solution of sugar in water is an example of a true solution.

36
Q

Can particles of a true solution be filtered?

A

Particles of a true solution cannot be filtered through filter paper.

37
Q

What is a suspension?

A

A suspension is a heterogeneous mixture where solute particles remain visible and can be removed by filtration.

38
Q

What is the Tyndall effect?

A

The Tyndall effect is the scattering of light by colloidal particles, making the path of light visible in a colloid.

39
Q

How do colloids differ from suspensions and true solutions?

A

Colloids have particle sizes smaller than those in suspensions but larger than those in true solutions.

40
Q

What happens to light when passed through a true solution?

A

When light is passed through a true solution, its path is not illuminated.

41
Q

What is the appearance of colloids?

A

Colloids are translucent, and their particles are partially visible.

42
Q

What is the Tyndall effect?

A

Light scattering by colloidal particles is called the Tyndall effect.

43
Q

What is an example of a true solution?

A

A starch solution is an example of a true solution.

44
Q

What is water of crystallisation?

A

Water of crystallisation is the fixed amount of water necessary for certain salts to crystallise out from their aqueous solutions.

45
Q

What role does water of crystallisation play in crystal formation?

A

It makes it possible for salts to form crystals and is responsible for the shapes of their crystals.

46
Q

What do crystals contain?

A

Crystals contain salts and water combined in definite proportions.

47
Q

What happens to crystals when heated?

A

When heated, the water is lost, and the crystals may form a white powder.

48
Q

Give an example of a salt that crystallises with water.

A

CuSO₄·5H₂O (blue crystals) is an example, formed by the combination of 1 mole of CuSO₄ with 5 molecules of H₂O.

When heated, it loses the water of crystallisation (i.e., 5 molecules) and forms a white powder, CuSO₄.

49
Q

What is the chemical formula for hydrated salts?

A

Hydrated salts contain water of crystallisation, such as Na₂CO₃·10H₂O, Na₂SO₄·10H₂O, and FeSO₄·7H₂O.

50
Q

What happens to hydrated salts when heated?

A

When heated, hydrated salts lose their water of crystallisation and become anhydrous salts.

51
Q

What are efflorescent substances?

A

Efflorescent substances lose their water of crystallisation when exposed to air.

52
Q

What is lattice water?

A

Lattice water occupies certain positions in the crystal structure and is not attached by chemical bonds.

53
Q

Give an example of a hydrate with lattice water.

A

KAl(SO₄)₂·12H₂O has 6H₂O molecules as lattice water and 6 as water of crystallisation.

54
Q

What is the phenomenon called when a substance loses water of crystallisation?

A

The phenomenon is called efflorescence.

55
Q

What is hygroscopic substance?

A

Hygroscopic substances absorb moisture from the atmosphere but do not form solutions.

56
Q

What is the phenomenon called when substances absorb moisture from the atmosphere?

A

The phenomenon is called hygroscopy.

57
Q

What are drying agents?

A

Substances used to remove moisture from other substances without chemically reacting with them.

Example: Concentrated sulphuric acid (H2SO4), quicklime (CaO), silica gel, etc.

58
Q

What is deliquescence?

A

The phenomenon where substances absorb water from the atmosphere and become moist, ultimately turning into solutions.

Example: Caustic soda (NaOH), crystalline magnesium chloride (MgCl2), calcium chloride (CaCl2), etc.

59
Q

Which common substance turns moist and forms a solution when exposed to air?

A

Table salt (NaCl) can turn moist and form a solution due to impurities like magnesium chloride and calcium chloride.

Sodium chloride itself is not deliquescent.

60
Q

How do metals react with cold water?

A

Some metals like sodium (Na), potassium (K), and calcium (Ca) react vigorously with cold water to form hydroxides and liberate hydrogen gas.

61
Q

How do metals like magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), and aluminum (Al) react with water?

A

They react with hot water to form oxides, hydroxides, and hydrogen gas.

62
Q

What happens when iron (Fe) reacts with steam?

A

Iron reacts with steam to form iron(III) oxide (Fe2O3) and hydrogen gas (H2).

63
Q

Which metals do not react with water?

A

Metals like copper (Cu), silver (Ag), gold (Au), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), and platinum (Pt) do not react with water because they are less reactive than hydrogen.

64
Q

What are drying agents?

A

Substances used to remove moisture from other substances without chemically reacting with them.

Example: Concentrated sulphuric acid (H2SO4), quicklime (CaO), silica gel, etc.

65
Q

What is deliquescence?

A

The phenomenon where substances absorb water from the atmosphere and become moist, ultimately turning into solutions.

Example: Caustic soda (NaOH), crystalline magnesium chloride (MgCl2), calcium chloride (CaCl2), etc.

66
Q

Which common substance turns moist and forms a solution when exposed to air?

A

Table salt (NaCl) can turn moist and form a solution due to impurities like magnesium chloride and calcium chloride.

Sodium chloride itself is not deliquescent.

67
Q

How do metals react with cold water?

A

Some metals like sodium (Na), potassium (K), and calcium (Ca) react vigorously with cold water to form hydroxides and liberate hydrogen gas.

68
Q

How do metals like magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), and aluminum (Al) react with water?

A

They react with hot water to form oxides, hydroxides, and hydrogen gas.

69
Q

What happens when iron (Fe) reacts with steam?

A

Iron reacts with steam to form iron(III) oxide (Fe2O3) and hydrogen gas (H2).

70
Q

Which metals do not react with water?

A

Metals like copper (Cu), silver (Ag), gold (Au), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), and platinum (Pt) do not react with water because they are less reactive than hydrogen.

71
Q

What is hard water?

A

Hard water does not easily form lather with soap.

72
Q

What is soft water?

A

Soft water easily forms lather with soap.

73
Q

What causes water to be hard?

A

Water is said to be hard when it contains calcium and magnesium in large amounts.

74
Q

Where is hard water commonly found?

A

Groundwater contains more salts that contribute to hardness.

75
Q

What are the differences between hard water and soft water?

A

The differences between hard water and soft water are given in Table 8.3.

76
Q

What metals react with steam?

A

Metals such as aluminium, zinc, and iron react vigorously with steam to form oxides of metal and hydrogen gas.

77
Q

What does magnesium metal react with?

A

Magnesium metal reacts with hot water to form magnesium hydroxide.

78
Q

What is hard water?

A

Hard water does not easily form lather with soap.

79
Q

What is soft water?

A

Soft water easily forms lather with soap.

80
Q

What causes water to be hard?

A

Water is said to be hard when it contains calcium and magnesium in large amounts.

81
Q

Where is hard water commonly found?

A

Groundwater contains more salts that contribute to hardness.

82
Q

What are the differences between hard water and soft water?

A

The differences between hard water and soft water are given in Table 8.3.

83
Q

What metals react with steam?

A

Metals such as aluminium, zinc, and iron react vigorously with steam to form oxides of metal and hydrogen gas.

84
Q

What does magnesium metal react with?

A

Magnesium metal reacts with hot water to form magnesium hydroxide.

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