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Geography Paper 1 > Water Key Words > Flashcards

Water Key Words Flashcards

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1
Q

Closed system

A

No external outputs or inputs

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2
Q

Hydrosphere

A

Total amount of water on the planet

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3
Q

Stores

A

Where water is held
Eg. Ocean, cryosphere, terrestrial

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4
Q

Cryosphere

A

Earths water in solid form

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5
Q

Flux

A

The rate/speed at which water moves from store to store

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6
Q

Processes

A

The way in which water moves between these stores

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7
Q

Solar energy

A

Causes evaporation which leads to condensation and therefore precipitation

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8
Q

Gravitational potential energy

A

Keeps water moving throughout the system

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9
Q

Residence time

A

The average amount of time a water molecule will stay in a store

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10
Q

Blue water

A

Any water you can see eg. Rivers, streams, lakes

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11
Q

Green water

A

Invisible part of the cycle eg. Vegetation and soil

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12
Q

ITCZ

A

Intertropical convergence zone
Where the worlds most rainfall is

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13
Q

Drainage basin

A

An area drained by a river and its tributaries

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14
Q

Open systems

A

Has external inputs and outputs

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15
Q

Precipitation

A

Any form of water that falls from the atmosphere to the land

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16
Q

Orographic rainfall

A

When air is forced to cool when it rises over relief features in the landscape such as hills or mountains

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17
Q

Frontal Rainfall

A

When a cold front meets a warm front condenses and forms clouds

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18
Q

Conventional rainfall

A

Occurs when the heated air from the earth’s surface rises upwards along with the water vapour and gets condensed when it reaches a higher altitude

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19
Q

Interception

A

Temporary storage as water is captured by plants buildings and hard surfaces before reaching the soil

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20
Q

Infiltration

A

Water entering the top soil
Most common during slow or steady rainfall

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21
Q

Surface runoff

A

Flow over the surface during an intense storm or when the ground is frozen or an impermeable clay

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22
Q

Through flow

A

Water seeping laterally through soil below the surface but above the water table

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23
Q

Percolation

A

The downward seepage of water through rock under gravity especially on presale rocks such as sandstone and chalk

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24
Q

Water surplus

A

Precipitation is greater than evaporation

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25
Q

Soil moisture utilisation

A

Soul moisture starts to be used up by plants

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26
Q

Soil moisture deficit

A

Evaporation is greater than precipitation and any previous store is used up

27
Q

Soil moisture recharge

A

Recharge occurs when water is replaced after a dried period

28
Q

Field capacity

A

The maximum amount of water soil can hold

29
Q

Water budget

A

The annual balance between inputs and outputs

30
Q

River regime

A

How discharge changes over a year in a river
“Annual variation in discharge or flow of a river”

31
Q

Simple river regime

A

River experiences a period of seasonally high discharge followed by a low discharge

32
Q

Complex river regime

A

When larger rivers cross various relief of climatic zones

33
Q

Storm Hydrograph

A

Shows the discharge of a river at a given point over a period of time

34
Q

Rising limb

A

As the water makes its way down valley sides and into the river the discharge increases

35
Q

Lag time

A

Gap between peak rainfall and peak discharge

36
Q

Drought

A

A period of abnormally dry weather to er that causes serious hydrological imbalance in a specific region

37
Q

Meteorological droughts

A

Rainfall deficit

38
Q

Hydrological drought

A

Stream flow deficit
Eg. Rivers and lakes dry up

39
Q

Agricultural drought

A

Soil moisture deficit

40
Q

Socio economic drought

A

Food deficit

41
Q

Occluded front

A

Cold front mixed with a warm front
Causes wet weather and frontal rainfall

42
Q

Seasonal shifting of the ITCZ

A

Change in the ITCZ due to the told of the earth
Causes alternating wet and dry seasons

43
Q

ENSO cycles

A

El Niño southern oscillation cycle
Causes El Niño or La Niña events which cause a shift in warm waters from the coast of South America and west coast of Australia
El Niño = drought in Australia
La Niña = drought in South America

44
Q

Wetlands

A

Area of marsh, fen, peatland or water whether natural or artificial, permanent or temporary with water that is static or flowing or brackish or salty

45
Q

Hydrophytes

A

Plants that grow in water
They colonise wetlands

46
Q

Monsoon rainfall

A

Seasonal rainfall hen winds blowing from the sea to land bring large scale rainfall at a specific time of year

47
Q

Eutrophication

A

When algae blooms caused by pollutants in the water blocks sunlight from reaching ecosystems In lakes/ ponds causing the ecosystem to die

48
Q

Anthropogenic

A

Human caused

49
Q

Water insecurity

A

The capacity of a population to safeguard sustainable access to adequate quantities of acceptable quality water for sustaining livelihoods
Ensures protection against water borne pollution and water related disasters and preserving ecosystems in a climate of peace and political stability

50
Q

Water stress

A

When renewable water is between 1,000 and 1,700m per capita

51
Q

Water scarcity

A

When renewable water is 500-1,000m per capita

52
Q

Absolute water scarcity

A

When renewable water is < 500m per capita

53
Q

Physical water scarcity

A

Not enough water to meet demand

54
Q

Economic water scarcity

A

Not enough infrastructure/money to obtain water

55
Q

Territorial sovereignty

A

In terms of water supply, it is where a country claims ownership and rights over the water when the source of it brings in their country

56
Q

Territorial integrity

A

Where a country claims that they should continue to get the same amount of water as they always have from a shared water source that doesn’t begging in their country

57
Q

Trans boundary water

A

Where a river lake or aquifer crosses one or more political borders

58
Q

Top down approaches

A

Government led usually large scale water management schemes that may ignore studies of local people

59
Q

Bottom up approaches

A

Small scale water management schemes that work with the local people in managing water sources

60
Q

Social players

A

See access to clean safe water as a human right
Eg. Locals, residents, consumers

61
Q

Political players

A

See water as a human need Lehigh like food shelter and energy can be provided by private and public services
Eg. World bank, UN

62
Q

Economic players

A

To keep pace with rising demand business players favour hard engineering schemes such as mega dams water transfer projects and desalination projects
Eg. Water companies, IMF

63
Q

Environmental players

A

Will oppose these as these projects have huge social and environmental costs
Eg. Activists, scientists, WWF

64
Q

IDBM

A

Integrated drainage basin management
Aims to establish a framework for coordination whereby all stakeholders holders involved in planning and management come together to agree on a set of policies and strategies for managing a drainage basin

Geography Paper 1 (8 decks)

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