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Geography Paper 1 > Water Key Words > Flashcards

Water Key Words Flashcards

1
Q

Closed system

A

No external outputs or inputs

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2
Q

Hydrosphere

A

Total amount of water on the planet

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3
Q

Stores

A

Where water is held
Eg. Ocean, cryosphere, terrestrial

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4
Q

Cryosphere

A

Earths water in solid form

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5
Q

Flux

A

The rate/speed at which water moves from store to store

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6
Q

Processes

A

The way in which water moves between these stores

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7
Q

Solar energy

A

Causes evaporation which leads to condensation and therefore precipitation

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8
Q

Gravitational potential energy

A

Keeps water moving throughout the system

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9
Q

Residence time

A

The average amount of time a water molecule will stay in a store

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10
Q

Blue water

A

Any water you can see eg. Rivers, streams, lakes

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11
Q

Green water

A

Invisible part of the cycle eg. Vegetation and soil

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12
Q

ITCZ

A

Intertropical convergence zone
Where the worlds most rainfall is

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13
Q

Drainage basin

A

An area drained by a river and its tributaries

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14
Q

Open systems

A

Has external inputs and outputs

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15
Q

Precipitation

A

Any form of water that falls from the atmosphere to the land

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16
Q

Orographic rainfall

A

When air is forced to cool when it rises over relief features in the landscape such as hills or mountains

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17
Q

Frontal Rainfall

A

When a cold front meets a warm front condenses and forms clouds

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18
Q

Conventional rainfall

A

Occurs when the heated air from the earth’s surface rises upwards along with the water vapour and gets condensed when it reaches a higher altitude

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19
Q

Interception

A

Temporary storage as water is captured by plants buildings and hard surfaces before reaching the soil

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20
Q

Infiltration

A

Water entering the top soil
Most common during slow or steady rainfall

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21
Q

Surface runoff

A

Flow over the surface during an intense storm or when the ground is frozen or an impermeable clay

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22
Q

Through flow

A

Water seeping laterally through soil below the surface but above the water table

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23
Q

Percolation

A

The downward seepage of water through rock under gravity especially on presale rocks such as sandstone and chalk

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24
Q

Water surplus

A

Precipitation is greater than evaporation

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25
Soil moisture utilisation
Soul moisture starts to be used up by plants
26
Soil moisture deficit
Evaporation is greater than precipitation and any previous store is used up
27
Soil moisture recharge
Recharge occurs when water is replaced after a dried period
28
Field capacity
The maximum amount of water soil can hold
29
Water budget
The annual balance between inputs and outputs
30
River regime
How discharge changes over a year in a river “Annual variation in discharge or flow of a river”
31
Simple river regime
River experiences a period of seasonally high discharge followed by a low discharge
32
Complex river regime
When larger rivers cross various relief of climatic zones
33
Storm Hydrograph
Shows the discharge of a river at a given point over a period of time
34
Rising limb
As the water makes its way down valley sides and into the river the discharge increases
35
Lag time
Gap between peak rainfall and peak discharge
36
Drought
A period of abnormally dry weather to er that causes serious hydrological imbalance in a specific region
37
Meteorological droughts
Rainfall deficit
38
Hydrological drought
Stream flow deficit Eg. Rivers and lakes dry up
39
Agricultural drought
Soil moisture deficit
40
Socio economic drought
Food deficit
41
Occluded front
Cold front mixed with a warm front Causes wet weather and frontal rainfall
42
Seasonal shifting of the ITCZ
Change in the ITCZ due to the told of the earth Causes alternating wet and dry seasons
43
ENSO cycles
El Niño southern oscillation cycle Causes El Niño or La Niña events which cause a shift in warm waters from the coast of South America and west coast of Australia El Niño = drought in Australia La Niña = drought in South America
44
Wetlands
Area of marsh, fen, peatland or water whether natural or artificial, permanent or temporary with water that is static or flowing or brackish or salty
45
Hydrophytes
Plants that grow in water They colonise wetlands
46
Monsoon rainfall
Seasonal rainfall hen winds blowing from the sea to land bring large scale rainfall at a specific time of year
47
Eutrophication
When algae blooms caused by pollutants in the water blocks sunlight from reaching ecosystems In lakes/ ponds causing the ecosystem to die
48
Anthropogenic
Human caused
49
Water insecurity
The capacity of a population to safeguard sustainable access to adequate quantities of acceptable quality water for sustaining livelihoods Ensures protection against water borne pollution and water related disasters and preserving ecosystems in a climate of peace and political stability
50
Water stress
When renewable water is between 1,000 and 1,700m per capita
51
Water scarcity
When renewable water is 500-1,000m per capita
52
Absolute water scarcity
When renewable water is < 500m per capita
53
Physical water scarcity
Not enough water to meet demand
54
Economic water scarcity
Not enough infrastructure/money to obtain water
55
Territorial sovereignty
In terms of water supply, it is where a country claims ownership and rights over the water when the source of it brings in their country
56
Territorial integrity
Where a country claims that they should continue to get the same amount of water as they always have from a shared water source that doesn’t begging in their country
57
Trans boundary water
Where a river lake or aquifer crosses one or more political borders
58
Top down approaches
Government led usually large scale water management schemes that may ignore studies of local people
59
Bottom up approaches
Small scale water management schemes that work with the local people in managing water sources
60
Social players
See access to clean safe water as a human right Eg. Locals, residents, consumers
61
Political players
See water as a human need Lehigh like food shelter and energy can be provided by private and public services Eg. World bank, UN
62
Economic players
To keep pace with rising demand business players favour hard engineering schemes such as mega dams water transfer projects and desalination projects Eg. Water companies, IMF
63
Environmental players
Will oppose these as these projects have huge social and environmental costs Eg. Activists, scientists, WWF
64
IDBM
Integrated drainage basin management Aims to establish a framework for coordination whereby all stakeholders holders involved in planning and management come together to agree on a set of policies and strategies for managing a drainage basin

Geography Paper 1 (9 decks)

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