water EQ3 Flashcards
What are 4 reasons why there is a demand for water
- population growth
-rising standards of living
-economic growth
-irrigation- intensive agriculture
what are 5 key reasons why water supplies are diminishing
- Human activity is the most significant cause of diminishing supplies- mainly related to over abstraction of groundwater supplies for irrigation
-in many countries, groundwater is not considered as an unlimited supplement for water supplies (due to over abstraction groundwater supplies are diminishing- fossil water= cant be regenerated, now relying more on surface water
what are the three main spheres/ factors leading to a water pressure point and need for management.
-diminishing supply
-rising demands
-competing demands from users
what comes under the sphere/factor of diminishing supply that leads to water pressure points
diminishing supply:
-impact of climate change
-deteriorating quality due to pollution
-impact of competing users, e.g. upstream vs downstream
what comes under the sphere/factor of rising demands that leads to water pressure points
rising demands:
-economic development
-population growth
what comes under the sphere/factor of competing demands from users that leads to water pressure points
competing demands from users:
-internal conflicts in a basin
-internal issues and upstream and downstream HEP vs irrigation
define water stress
when the demand for water exceeds the available amount during a certain period. It refers to people who have access to less than 1700m^3 per capita
define water scarcity
when renewable water resources are low. It refers to people within access to water below 1000 m^3 per capita
define physical water scarcity
where water availability does not meet water demand in a particular area. Arid regions often face this, such as southern Spain
define economic water scarcity
occurs due to lack of investment in infrastructure so people cannot get access to water, or the price of it is at the point where the population cannot afford the amount they need
define water insecurity
when a country has inadequate quantities of acceptable water quality for livelihoods, wellbeing and development.
list some physical factors causing water insecurity
-ENSO
-changes in glacial/ snowmelt
-less precipitation
-flooding leads to contaminated waters (sewage)
-no groundwater store (fossil water)
-climate change
list some human factors causing water insecurity
-economic development- over abstraction
-climate change
-pollution making water stores unusable (industrial, fertiliser, domestic)
-dams and reservoirs
-deforestation- changing transpiration
- potentially= exploitation of fossil water
-for irrigation intensive agriculture
-population increase (natural increase, migration)
what is Brackish water
saltwater and freshwater mixing
whats saltwater encroachment
the movement of saltwater into freshwater aquifers due to sea level rise, storm surges and/ or human abstraction of groundwater which lowers water tables
give an example of where saltwater encroachment is occurring
Its occurring in the Pacific islands, many of these islands depend on small aquifers for their freshwater supply.
saltwater encroachment case study: Pacific islands
how much of Samoa’s water supply is drawn from aquifers, what could this lead to
35% of water supply is drawn from aquifiers
this could lead to saltwater intrusion as a result of over-abstraction, climate variability and sea level rise
saltwater encroachment case study: Pacific islands
what factors can lead to saltwater intrusion
- ENSO cycles leading to drought causing more abstraction
-sea level rise, storm surges and/ or human abstraction of groundwater which lowers water tables
saltwater encroachment case study: Pacific islands
As a result of drought, what has occurred in the Marshall islands
due to drought, groundwater withdrawals have tripled leading to serious concerns over saltwater intrusion
saltwater encroachment case study: Pacific islands
What are the impacts?
-serious threat to crop production dependemt on freshwater irrigation making saltwater a serious threat to health, food security and livelihoods (e.g. farmers)
-people may have to relocate (e.g. Kiribati and New Zealand)
define desalination
desalination is the process that removes salts from saline water in order to make it usable
according to the international water management, how many people face water scarcity?
1/3 of all people
Australia and its physical water scarcity?
diversion of 1/4 of all water away from murray darling basin for agriculture
Egypt approaching water scarcity?
Egypt imports over 50% of its food because of physical scarcity
The Aral sea approaching physical water scarcity?
the aral sea faces environmental catastrophe and water scarcity due to human impacts.
there have been recent attempts to reduce impacts of river diversions especially for cotton production
physical water scarcity in china
there is severe water scarcity in china leading to the south-north transfer scheme
physical water scarcity in the USA
the Ogallala aquifer provides 1/3 of all US irrigation water but is seriously depleted: the water table is dropping by amount 1m/year. As a ‘fossil’ reserve, formed probably from the past glacial meltwater flows, it is effectively a finite resource.
economic water scarcity in Africa (abundant supply but economy is poor)
much of sub Saharan Africa suffers from economic scarcity from especially poverty but also lack of infrastructural development
some 1 billion people involved
economic water scarcity in river gagnes
physical stress from pollution and over abstraction
what is physical scarcity
This occurs when more than 75% of a country’s or region’s blue water (liquid, accessible) flows are being used.
Currently applies to about 25% of the world’s population
what is economic scarcity
This occurs when the use of blue water sources is limited by lack of capital, technology and good governance. It is estimated that around 1 billion people are restricted from accessing blue water by high levels of poverty.
Economic development is one of the main drivers of the increasing demand for water; what 3 factors come under this
-agriculture
-industry and energy
-domestic use
what fact bolsters the idea that industry and energy deplete water security
Just over 20% of all freshwater withdrawals worldwide are for industrial and energy production.
industrial use of water can lead to pollution of water
what led to the Karachi water crisis in Pakistan
-a rise in population is increasing demand
-the Hub Dam went dry leaving Karachi with just one water source, the Indus river which is more than 120km away.
-long water transmission routes causes: leakages and water theft (this has accounted for loss of 30% of the citys water supply)
-outdated and inefficient pumping stations
-water pipes are punctured and sold on the black market
-there is no monitoring system to monitor water use and waste
Karachi’s water crisis:
what is occurring to tackle the water crisis
-the KWSB is seeking to re-route pipelines to decrease leakages
-a desalination plant has been suggested but but its expensive
-Karachis waterboard is working on a 25.5 billion rupee project which will supply Karachi with water from Keenjhar Lake.
Karachi’s water crisis:
what are negative impacts of the water crisis
-water security has led to civil unrest (riots)
- Karachi is the 6th most water stressed city in the world
-a lot of residents earn their livelihood from the water- dependent agriculture sector
-people dont have enough water to wash up after prayer
how has the groundwater been affected in:
-Mexico
-Mexico city
-Arizona
-California
-Mexico: pesticides and fertilizer
-Mexico city: ground subsidence
-Arizona: irrigation increases salinity
-California: saltwater intrusion
how has groundwater been affected in:
-Bangladesh
-Pakistan
-NE China
-Bangladesh: aquifers overdrawn
-Pakistan: excessive pumping, wells drying out
-NE China: Industrial pollution
whats an atoll
a ring shaped coral reef that encircles a lagoon
what does the WPI stand for
Water Poverty Index
what are the 3 reasons why the WPI is used
-to provide a better understanding of the relationship between the physical extend of water availability, its ease of abstraction and the level of community welfare. ( could provide a better understanding of how to use water resources sustainably)
- A mechanism for prioritisation of water needs (gov knows what to prioritize in terms of providing availability)
-A tool by which progress in the water sector can be monitored
-
what does a high WPI mean
that water poverty is low ( a score of 90 is better than 10)