Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A level (A2) Edexcel Geography > Water EQ1 (5.1) > Flashcards

Water EQ1 (5.1) Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
U.S. Geography flashcards World Geography flashcards
1
Q

Transpiration definition:

A

The diffusion of water from vegetation into the atmosphere, involving a change from a liquid to a gas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Groundwater flow definition:

A

Water that flows deep underground into aquifers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Infiltration definition:

A

Water moves from the surface into the soil and the rock below

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Systems approach:

A

Studies hydrological phenomena by looking at the balance of inputs and outputs and how water is moved between stores and flows

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Fluxes definition:

A

The rate of flow between the stores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Cryosphere definition:

A

Areas of the Earth where water is frozen into snow or ice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Residence time definition:

A

The average time a water molecule will spend in a reservoir or store

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Fossil water definition:

A

Ancient, deep groundwater from former pluvial (wetter) periods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What drives thy hydrological cycle?

A

Solar energy and gravitation potential energy. There can be changes in solar energy but gravitational potential energy stays constant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How does gravitational potential energy influence the hydrological cycle?

A

Accelerates water, transporting it to rivers and eventually the sea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the biggest stores of water?

A
  • Oceans (97%)
  • Ice on land (1.9%)
  • Groundwater (1.1%)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How much water in the world is freshwater?

A

2.5%, only 1% is easily accessible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Blue water definition:

A

Freshwater stored in the visible parts of the hydrological cycle, such as rivers, streams and lakes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Green water definition:

A

Freshwater stored in the invisible parts of the hydrological cycle such as soil and vegetation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the residence time of groundwater?

A

Up to 10,000 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Where is fossil water?

A

Polar regions and beneath many deserts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the problem with fossil water?

A

Some countries rely on it but it will eventually run out because the stores are not being replenished

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Do oceans and landmasses lose the same amount of water they gain?

A
  • Oceans lose more water through evaporation than they gain from precipitation
  • Landmasses gain more water from precipitation than they lose through evapotranspiration
  • The difference is made up by surface run off
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Catchment definition:

A

The area of land drained by a river and its tributaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Watershed definition:

A

The highland which divides and separates waters flowing to different rivers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Dew point definition:

A

The temperature at which dew forms; it is a measure of atmospheric moisture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Saturated overland flow definition:

A

The upward movement of the water table into the evaporation zone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Albedo definition:

A

A measure of the proportion of the incoming solar radiation that is reflected by the surface into the atmosphere and space

24
Q

Potential evapotranspiration definition:

A

The water loss that would occur if there was an unlimited supply of water in the soil for use by vegetation

25
Q

Afforestation definition:

A

The planting of trees in an area that has not been forested in recent times

26
Q

Drainage basin definition:

A

An area of land drained by a river and its tributaries. It includes water found in the water table and surface run off. The line separating drainage basins is called a water shed. Usually this is an area of high land

27
Q

Confluence definition:

A

The point where two rivers meet

28
Q

Where is convectional rainfall common?

A

Tropical areas and the UK during summer

29
Q

How does convectional rainfall work?

A
  • When the land becomes hot, the air above it becomes warmer, expands and rises
  • As it rises it cools and condenses, forming clouds
  • If the air continues to rise, rain will fall
30
Q

How does cyclonic rainfall work?

A
  • Warmer air which is lighter and less dense is forced to rise over cooler, denser air
  • As it rises it cools, condensation occurs and clouds and rain form
31
Q

How does orographic rainfall work?

A
  • When air is forced to rise over a barrier, such as a mountain, it cools and condensation occurs, causing rain to fall
  • The downward slope receives relatively little rain, which is known as the rain shadow effect
32
Q

What is convectional rainfall associated with?

A

Intense thunderstorms which occur in the tropics

33
Q

What is cyclonic rainfall associated with?

A

A period of substantial, moderately intensive rain; associated with the passage of depressions

34
Q

Where is orographic rainfall concentrated?

A

The windward slopes and summits of mountains

35
Q

Interception loss definition:

A

The water that is retained by plant surfaces and later evaporated or absorbed by the vegetation and transpired. When the rainfall is light or of short duration, much of the water will never reach the ground and will be recycled through this process

36
Q

Throughfall definition:

A

When the rainfall persists or is relatively intense and the water drops from the leaves, twigs, needles etc

37
Q

Stem flow definition:

A

When water trickles along the twigs and branches then down the trunk

38
Q

Factors that influence the impacts on the drainage basin:

A
  • The amount of precipitation
  • The type of precipitation
  • Season
  • Intensity of precipitation
  • Variability
  • Distribution of precipitation within a basin
39
Q

How does interception affect the drainage basin?

A

Raindrops are prevented from falling directly to the ground because of a layer of vegetation. There may be secondary interception, where some of the undergrowth intercepts water falling from the canopy

40
Q

What are the types of fluxes (flows) in the drainage basin?

A
  • Interception
  • Infiltration and through flow
  • Direct run off (overland flow)
  • Percolation and groundwater flow
41
Q

What are the outputs in the drainage basin system?

A
  • Evaporation and Transpiration

- Channel flow

42
Q

Human factors that affect drainage basins:

A
  • Deforestation
  • Urbanisation
  • Reservoirs
  • Over abstraction
  • Cloud seeding
43
Q

How do reservoirs affect drainage basins?

A
  • Delay flows
  • Increase the amount of water lost through evaporation
  • Floating plants on the surface increase evapotranspiration
44
Q

How does cloud seeding work?

A
  • It’s an attempt to change the amount or type of precipitation by dispersing substances into the air that serve as cloud condensation nuclei
  • New technology claims it is a dependable and affordable water supply
  • Its effectiveness is still debated
45
Q

What climate regulation problems has deforestation in Amazonia caused?

A
  • Reduced interception leading to rising river levels and flooding
  • During the dry season, areas downstream of deforestation can have month long droughts
  • Reduced rainfall because of a lack of evapotranspiration
  • Losses of fresh water can lead to water insecurity
  • Warmer, dryer, less predictable climate
  • Habitat loss for many animals
46
Q

River regime definition:

A

The annual variation in discharge or flow of a river form a particular point or gauging station, usually measured in cumecs

47
Q

Rising limb definition:

A

The part of a storm hydrograph in which discharge starts to rise

48
Q

Peak discharge definition:

A

The time when the river reaches its highest flow

49
Q

Lag time definition:

A

The time interval between peak rainfall and peak discharge

50
Q

Falling/ recessional limb definition:

A

The part of a storm hydrograph in which the discharge starts to decrease

51
Q

Base flow definition:

A

The normal day-to-day discharge of a river

52
Q

Hydrograph definition:

A

A graph showing changes in the discharge of a river over a short period of time

53
Q

Factors that affect the shape of a storm hydrograph:

A
  • Drainage basin size
  • Drainage basin shape
  • Drainage basin relief
  • Soil type
  • Rock type
  • Drainage density
  • Natural vegetation
  • Land use
  • Precipitation intensity
  • Precipitation duration
  • Snow fall/melt
  • Evapotranspiration
54
Q

How does drainage basin shape affect the shape of a storm hydrograph?

A
  • If it is circular, it will take less time for the water to reach the channel as all the distances are equidistant
  • If it is an elongated basin, it will take a long time for the water to reach the extremities
55
Q

How does drainage basin relief affect the shape of a storm hydrograph?

A
  • In steep sloped basins, water will reach the channel quickly
  • With gentle slopes, the water can infiltrate the ground and travel slowly
56
Q

How does snow fall/melt influence the shape of a storm hydrograph?

A
  • With fast snow melt, water cannot infiltrate the froze ground, so it flows rapidly into the channel
  • With slow snow melt, the ground thaws with the snow, so the melt water can infiltrate into the soils and rocks
57
Q

How does evapotranspiration affect the shape of a storm hydrograph?

A
  • Low rates mean fewer losses from the drainage basin

- High rates will reduce the discharge from the river channel

A level (A2) Edexcel Geography (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions