Water Distribution System Flashcards
2 Methods of Water Distribution System
Haul & Piped System
3 Major Phases of Water Cycle
Evaporation
Condensation
Precipitation
Components & Flow in Water Systems
Source
Supply
Distribution
Use
Collection
Disposal
Treatment
Lakes, Rivers, Reservoirs
Source
Water Mains, Storage Tanks
Supply
Pressure, Piping Networks
Distribution
Plumbing Fixtures
Use
Gravity, Piping Networks
Collection
Sanitary and Storm Sewers
Disposal
Sewage Plants, Natural Purification
Treatment
Flow of water should always be only in ___ direction (from supply to disposal)
one
The two sides should always be carefully ___ from each other
separated
Collected from roofs of buildings and special water sheds and stored in cisterns or ponds
Rain Water
Cistern water for drinking should be boiled, chlorinated or otherwise sterilized
Rain Water
Water is soft & pure and is suitable for the hot water supply system
Rain Water
Only a source during the wet season
Rain Water
Storage becomes a breeding place for mosquitoes
Rain Water
Roofs may not be clean
Rain Water
Obtained from ponds, lakes, and rivers
Natural Surface Water
Easy to acquire
Natural Surface Water
Usually in large quantities
Natural Surface Water
Used for irrigation, industrial purposes and, when treated, for community water supply
Natural Surface Water
Contains a large amounts of bacteria, organic, & inorganic substances; Purification & treatment is necessary
Natural Surface Water
Obtained from underground by means of mechanical & manual equipment
Ground Water
From springs and wells and is the principal source of water for domestic use in most rural areas
Ground Water
Usually has an abundant supply
Ground Water
Requires less treatment because of natural filtering
Ground Water
May have organic matter & chemical elements; treatment is suggested
Ground Water
Character of ground water, its hardness, depends upon the nature and condition of the soil and rock through which it passes or percolates
Ground Water
Cause of Acidity
Entrance of oxygen and carbon dioxide
Effect of Acidity
Corrosion of non-ferrous pipes
Rusting & clogging of steel pipes
Correction of Acidity
Raising alkaline content by the introduction of a neutralizer (sodium silicate)
Cause of Hardness
Presence of magnesium and calcium salts
Effect of Hardness
Clogging of pipes
Impaired laundry and cooking
Correction of Hardness
Boiling
Use of an ion exchanger (zeolite process)
Cause of Turbidity
Silt or mud in surface or in ground
Effect of Turbidity
Discoloration
Bad taste
Correction of Turbidity
Filtration
Cause of Color
Presence of iron and manganese
Effect of Color
Discoloration of fixtures and laundry
Correction of Color
Oxidizing filter
Cause of Pollution
Contamination by organic matter or sewage
Effect of Pollution
Disease
Correction of Pollution
Chlorination
Produces hardness
Calcium, Magnesium
Bad taste & odor, highly corrosive to plumbing, stains clothing, etc.
Sulfur
Bad taste, highly corrosive
Salt
Stains clothing & plumbing fixtures, interferes with water softeners, iron bacteria clogs pipes
Iron
Unhealthy; may cause poliomyelitis
Pathogenic germs
Highly corrosive, picks up lead, stains clothing
Acid
Bad taste & odor
Algae
Aeration
Carbon Dioxide, Hydrogen Sulfide
Coagulation & Settling Process
Suspended Material
Chemicals & Sand filtration
Bacteria
Addition of water softeners
Calcium & Magnesium
Iron Filters
Iron
Chlorination
Sulfur
Disinfection
Pathogenic Germs
Marble or Limestone Filtration
Acid
Spraying the water into the atmosphere through jets or passing it over rough surfaces to remove entrained noxious gases such as carbon dioxide or hydrogen sulfide
Aeration
Addition of coagulants, such as ferrous sulfate and lime, to the water which cause the larger suspended particles to form a gelatinous mass which precipitates readily. The precipitate is gathered in large dumps and disposed of.
Coagulation & Precipitation
Water is passed through layers of sand and gravel in concrete basins in order to remove the finer suspended particles.
Filtration
Water is passed through basins so sediments can settle through a period of time
Sedimentation
Water is injected with hypo-chlorite or chlorine gas to kill the harmful bacteria.
Chlorination
General Types of Wells
Shallow Wells
Deep Wells
Most common types
Usually dug manually
Around 15m deep
a.k.a. “shallow well”
Dug Well
Similar to dug well, but constructed using an auger driven in by hand or with power tools
Seldom hand driven below 15 meters, but can reach 40+ meters with power tools
Bored Well
Use of extreme water pressure so as not to affect existing foundations in the vicinity
Makes use of a suction pump above, while casing acts as the pump riser
Used only where ground is relatively soft, hence sometimes referred to as “Sand-Point Wells”
Jetted Well
Dug with a sharp pointed hollow slotted iron rod and well screen
Depths are from 10-15 meters
Driven Well
Used for drilling oil
Can reach up to 1000 m
Drilled Well
2 Most Common Sources of Contamination
Septic Tank/leach fields
Livestock feedlots
Location must not be less than ___ ft. away from such pollution sources
100
Locate on ___ ground
higher
The ___ the well, the better for ______
better, natural filtration
are made of non-corrosive materials like brass
Well screens
Natural material like stones and rock sediment provide additional ___
screening
2 Basic Types of Pumps
Piston Pumps
Centrifugal Pumps
Water is sucked into a sealed vacuum by use of a piston
Piston Pumps
water is drawn in with only 1 motion
Single Action
water is drawn in with either stroke
Double Action
Water is drawn into the pump & = discharged with a centrifugal force
Centrifugal Pumps
piston pumps that operate with controlled speed
Reciprocating Pumps
The discharge from a reciprocating pump is pulsating and changes only when the ___ of the pump is changed
speed
Sometimes an ______ is introduced to regulate the pulsation.
air chamber
are centrifugal pumps typically used for drawing water up from a well.
Jet Pumps
are used in high volume applications
Deep well Jet Pumps
are used for residential wells
Shallow well Jet Pumps
can be used for deep wells and shallow wells
Convertible Jet Pumps
are used for small applications
Miniature Jet Pumps
are piston pumps that make use of a pump driver
can discharge from 900 to 1200 GPM
are more efficient for viscous fluids
Rotary Pumps
are designed to be fully immersible within a tank or other media storage receptacle.
Submersible Pumps
are used in applications where excess water must be pumped away from a particular area.
is a category that encompasses a number of styles of pumps that are used to pump out collected fluid
Sump Pumps
are centrifugal pumps used for large applications because of their multiple impellers
can discharge up to 2000 GPM
Turbine Pumps
-Does not have any pressure concerns but relies on gravity to supply water to fixtures below
Usually made of galvanized steel, stainless steel, or reinforced concrete, it can come in various shapes and sizes
Overhead Tanks
Usually built of reinforced concrete underground and connected with a pump
Cisterns
Used in Overhead Feed System
Gravity Supply Tanks
Main Components of Gravity Supply Tanks
Supply Pipe
Inlet
Overflow Pipe
Drip Pan
Gate Valves
Used in the Air Pressure System
Often used with a pump
Also makes use of a pressure relief valve, which relieves pressure automatically if necessary
Pneumatic Water Tanks
Small hot water tank (30-60 cm diameter; 180cm max length)
Made of galvanized steel sheet, copper or stainless steel
Standard working pressure limit is 85 to 150 psi
Range Boiler
Large hot water tank (60-130 cm in diameter; 5m max length)
Made of heavy duty material sheets applied with rust proof paint
Standard working pressure limit
is 65 to 100 psi.
Storage Boiler
Start or shut down a system
Regulate pressure
Check backflow
Control the direction of water
Valves
Locate & distribute valves in such a manner that they can isolate a certain section of the network in case of system ___ (before each branch)
breakdown
Locate valves where they are not
too ___ while remaining
___ to users
visible, accessible
a.k.a. ‘Full-way Valve’
Used mainly to completely close or completely open the water line (does not control flow of water)
Best suited to the main supply and pump lines wherein operation is infrequent
Gate Valve
2 Types of Gate Valves
The Wedge Shape or Tapered Disc
The Double Disc Valve
Controls the flow of water with a movable spindle
Can reduce water pressure (throttling)
Only one side of the valve is an inlet
Globe Valve
3 Types of Globe Valve
The Plug Type Disc Valve
The Conventional Disc Valve (Ball Type)
The Composition Disc Valve
for throttling
The Plug Type Disc Valve
for shutting
The Conventional Disc Valve (Ball Type)
for steam and hot water
The Composition Disc Valve
Main function is to prevent reversal of flow (backflow) in the line
Check Valve
4 Types of Check Valve
The Swing Check Valve
The Lift Check Valve
Vertical Check Valve
Horizontal Check Valve
Operates in the same manner as
globe valve (disc & seat design)
Used to make a 90° turn in a line
Reduces number of joints
Angle Valve
Located at the lower end of the
pumps
Used mainly to prevent loss of
priming of the pumps
a.k.a. ‘Retention Valve’
Foot Valve
Used on water systems, heating
systems, compressed air lines &
other pipe lines with excessive
pressure
Safety Valve
Operates by the
compression of a
soft packing upon
a metal sheet
Compression Cock
Operates with a
round tapering
plug ground to fit
a metal sheet.
‘Hose bibb”-
has grooves fit for
a hose
Key Cock
Constructed with a
ball connected to
the handle
Ball Faucet
a knocking in the pipes caused when faucets in the lower levels are shut off abruptly or automatically
the force exerted by the decelerating water causes the pipes to shake and rattle
Water Hammer
the flowing back of used, contaminated or polluted water from a plumbing fixture or vessel into a water supply pipe due to a negative pressure in such pipe
Back Siphonage
the flow of water or other liquids, ,mixtures, or substances into the distributing pipes of a potable supply of water to a tank, plumbing fixture, or other device and the flood level rim of the receptacle.
Back Flow
Pipes expand and contract due to continuous changes in temperature
An air space should be provided to
allow for breathing room
Expansion/Contraction
Friction occurs when liquid flowing through the pipe makes contact with the pipe enclosures, thus reducing the speed of water flow
There is greater Friction Head Loss with longer pipes, small diameter pipes, and a high number of valves of fittings
Friction Head Loss
Water is obtained through a large intake installed on the lake basin & extended into deep water
Direct Pressure Distribution
Components of Direct Pressure Distribution
Water basin
Receiving well
Filtration plant
Water is taken form a drilled well or underground water INDIRECT
Involves individual special mechanical equipment
Indirect Pressure Distribution
pipe from the street water main or
other source of water supply to the
building served
Service Pipe
device used to measure in liters or
gallons the amount of water that
passes through the water service
Water Meter
the principal water distribution pipe
running from the water meter from
which the various branches and
risers to the fixtures are taken.
Horizontal Supply Main
a water supply pipe extending
vertically to one full story or more
to convey water into pipe branches
or plumbing fixtures
Riser
the water supply pipe between the
fixture supply pipe and the water-distributing pipe
Fixture Branch
used for control, isolation and repair of the water distribution system
Controls & Valves
Water is provided by the city water
companies using normal pressure
from public water main
Direct Upfeed
When pressure supplied by city water supply is not strong enough
Compressed air is used to raise and push water into the system
Air Pressure System (Pneumatic)
Water is pumped into a large
tank on top of the building and is
distributed to the fixtures by
means of gravity
Downfeed (Overheadfeed) or Gravity System
Eliminates extra cost of pumps &
tanks.
Upfeed System
- Pressure from water main is
inadequate to supply tall buildings. - Water supply is affected during
peak load hour.
Upfeed System
- With compact pumping unit.
- Sanitary due to air tight water
chamber. - economical (smaller pipe diam)
- less initial construction &
maintenance cost - Oxygen in the compressed air
serves as purifying agent. - Adaptable air pressure.
- Air pressure serves zones of
about 10 stores intervals.
Air Pressure System
Water supply is affected by loss of
pressure inside the tank in case of
power interruption.
Air Pressure System
- Water is not affected by peak load
hour. - Not affected by power
interruptions. - Time needed to replace broken
parts does not affect water supply.
Overheadfeed System
- Water is subject to contamination.
- High maintenance cost.
- Occupies valuable space.
- Requires stronger foundation and
other structure to carry additional
load of tank and water.
Overheadfeed System
With a continuing network of
pipes to provide constant
circulation of water
Upfeed and Gravity Return System
Upfeed and Gravity Return System: Larger pipe is installed at the
___ of the riser & the diminishing
sizes passes through the ___
floors of the building
top; lower
Hot water rises on to
the highest point of
the plumbing system
and travels to the
fixtures via gravity
(closed pipe system)
Downfeed and Gravity Return System
Downfeed and Gravity Return System: Larger pipe is installed
at the ___ of the
riser & the diminishing
sizes passes
through the ___
floors of the building
bottom; upper
For a more efficient circulation of hot water to the upper floor
levels of multi-storey buildings
Pump Circuit System
Office Buildings (gallons per persons per hour)
4 to 5
School Buildings (gallons per persons per hour)
2 to 3
Apartment Buildings (gallons per persons per hour)
8
Hotels (gallons per persons per hour)
8 to 10
Factories (gallons per persons per hour)
4 to 6
Residential (gallons per persons per hour)
10
School, Office & Industrial Types (Average Working Load)
25%
Apartments & Residences (Average Working Load)
35%
Hotels & Restaurants (Average Working Load)
50%
2 Types of Water Heating Systems
Hot Water Space Heating System
Hot Water Supply System
Water is confined within a system at low temperature
Hot Water Space Heating System
Not a closed system which operate on much higher temperature
Hot Water Supply System
2 Protection of Hot Water Tank
System Relief Valve
Temperature & Pressure Relief
Used for Hot Water Space
Heating System
System Relief Valve
Used for Hot Water Supply System
Temperature & Pressure Relief
