Water Distribution System Flashcards
1
Q
2 Methods of Water Distribution System
A
Haul & Piped System
2
Q
3 Major Phases of Water Cycle
A
Evaporation
Condensation
Precipitation
3
Q
Components & Flow in Water Systems
A
Source
Supply
Distribution
Use
Collection
Disposal
Treatment
4
Q
Lakes, Rivers, Reservoirs
A
Source
5
Q
Water Mains, Storage Tanks
A
Supply
6
Q
Pressure, Piping Networks
A
Distribution
7
Q
Plumbing Fixtures
A
Use
8
Q
Gravity, Piping Networks
A
Collection
9
Q
Sanitary and Storm Sewers
A
Disposal
10
Q
Sewage Plants, Natural Purification
A
Treatment
11
Q
Flow of water should always be only in ___ direction (from supply to disposal)
A
one
12
Q
The two sides should always be carefully ___ from each other
A
separated
13
Q
Collected from roofs of buildings and special water sheds and stored in cisterns or ponds
A
Rain Water
14
Q
Cistern water for drinking should be boiled, chlorinated or otherwise sterilized
A
Rain Water
15
Q
Water is soft & pure and is suitable for the hot water supply system
A
Rain Water
16
Q
Only a source during the wet season
A
Rain Water
17
Q
Storage becomes a breeding place for mosquitoes
A
Rain Water
18
Q
Roofs may not be clean
A
Rain Water
19
Q
Obtained from ponds, lakes, and rivers
A
Natural Surface Water
20
Q
Easy to acquire
A
Natural Surface Water
21
Q
Usually in large quantities
A
Natural Surface Water
22
Q
Used for irrigation, industrial purposes and, when treated, for community water supply
A
Natural Surface Water
23
Q
Contains a large amounts of bacteria, organic, & inorganic substances; Purification & treatment is necessary
A
Natural Surface Water
24
Q
Obtained from underground by means of mechanical & manual equipment
A
Ground Water
25
From springs and wells and is the principal source of water for domestic use in most rural areas
Ground Water
26
Usually has an abundant supply
Ground Water
27
Requires less treatment because of natural filtering
Ground Water
28
May have organic matter & chemical elements; treatment is suggested
Ground Water
29
Character of ground water, its hardness, depends upon the nature and condition of the soil and rock through which it passes or percolates
Ground Water
30
Cause of Acidity
Entrance of oxygen and carbon dioxide
31
Effect of Acidity
Corrosion of non-ferrous pipes
Rusting & clogging of steel pipes
32
Correction of Acidity
Raising alkaline content by the introduction of a neutralizer (sodium silicate)
33
Cause of Hardness
Presence of magnesium and calcium salts
34
Effect of Hardness
Clogging of pipes
Impaired laundry and cooking
35
Correction of Hardness
Boiling
Use of an ion exchanger (zeolite process)
36
Cause of Turbidity
Silt or mud in surface or in ground
37
Effect of Turbidity
Discoloration
Bad taste
38
Correction of Turbidity
Filtration
39
Cause of Color
Presence of iron and manganese
40
Effect of Color
Discoloration of fixtures and laundry
41
Correction of Color
Oxidizing filter
42
Cause of Pollution
Contamination by organic matter or sewage
43
Effect of Pollution
Disease
44
Correction of Pollution
Chlorination
45
Produces hardness
Calcium, Magnesium
46
Bad taste & odor, highly corrosive to plumbing, stains clothing, etc.
Sulfur
47
Bad taste, highly corrosive
Salt
48
Stains clothing & plumbing fixtures, interferes with water softeners, iron bacteria clogs pipes
Iron
49
Unhealthy; may cause poliomyelitis
Pathogenic germs
50
Highly corrosive, picks up lead, stains clothing
Acid
51
Bad taste & odor
Algae
52
Aeration
Carbon Dioxide, Hydrogen Sulfide
53
Coagulation & Settling Process
Suspended Material
54
Chemicals & Sand filtration
Bacteria
55
Addition of water softeners
Calcium & Magnesium
56
Iron Filters
Iron
57
Chlorination
Sulfur
58
Disinfection
Pathogenic Germs
59
Marble or Limestone Filtration
Acid
60
Spraying the water into the atmosphere through jets or passing it over rough surfaces to remove entrained noxious gases such as carbon dioxide or hydrogen sulfide
Aeration
61
Addition of coagulants, such as ferrous sulfate and lime, to the water which cause the larger suspended particles to form a gelatinous mass which precipitates readily. The precipitate is gathered in large dumps and disposed of.
Coagulation & Precipitation
62
Water is passed through layers of sand and gravel in concrete basins in order to remove the finer suspended particles.
Filtration
63
Water is passed through basins so sediments can settle through a period of time
Sedimentation
64
Water is injected with hypo-chlorite or chlorine gas to kill the harmful bacteria.
Chlorination
65
General Types of Wells
Shallow Wells
Deep Wells
66
Most common types
Usually dug manually
Around 15m deep
a.k.a. "shallow well"
Dug Well
67
Similar to dug well, but constructed using an auger driven in by hand or with power tools
Seldom hand driven below 15 meters, but can reach 40+ meters with power tools
Bored Well
68
Use of extreme water pressure so as not to affect existing foundations in the vicinity
Makes use of a suction pump above, while casing acts as the pump riser
Used only where ground is relatively soft, hence sometimes referred to as “Sand-Point Wells”
Jetted Well
69
Dug with a sharp pointed hollow slotted iron rod and well screen
Depths are from 10-15 meters
Driven Well
70
Used for drilling oil
Can reach up to 1000 m
Drilled Well
71
2 Most Common Sources of Contamination
Septic Tank/leach fields
Livestock feedlots
72
Location must not be less than ___ ft. away from such pollution sources
100
73
Locate on ___ ground
higher
74
The ___ the well, the better for ______
better, natural filtration
75
are made of non-corrosive materials like brass
Well screens
76
Natural material like stones and rock sediment provide additional ___
screening
77
2 Basic Types of Pumps
Piston Pumps
Centrifugal Pumps
78
Water is sucked into a sealed vacuum by use of a piston
Piston Pumps
79
water is drawn in with only 1 motion
Single Action
80
water is drawn in with either stroke
Double Action
81
Water is drawn into the pump & = discharged with a centrifugal force
Centrifugal Pumps
82
piston pumps that operate with controlled speed
Reciprocating Pumps
83
The discharge from a reciprocating pump is pulsating and changes only when the ___ of the pump is changed
speed
84
Sometimes an ______ is introduced to regulate the pulsation.
air chamber
85
are centrifugal pumps typically used for drawing water up from a well.
Jet Pumps
86
are used in high volume applications
Deep well Jet Pumps
87
are used for residential wells
Shallow well Jet Pumps
88
can be used for deep wells and shallow wells
Convertible Jet Pumps
89
are used for small applications
Miniature Jet Pumps
90
are piston pumps that make use of a pump driver
can discharge from 900 to 1200 GPM
are more efficient for viscous fluids
Rotary Pumps
91
are designed to be fully immersible within a tank or other media storage receptacle.
Submersible Pumps
92
are used in applications where excess water must be pumped away from a particular area.
is a category that encompasses a number of styles of pumps that are used to pump out collected fluid
Sump Pumps
93
are centrifugal pumps used for large applications because of their multiple impellers
can discharge up to 2000 GPM
Turbine Pumps
94
-Does not have any pressure concerns but relies on gravity to supply water to fixtures below
Usually made of galvanized steel, stainless steel, or reinforced concrete, it can come in various shapes and sizes
Overhead Tanks
95
Usually built of reinforced concrete underground and connected with a pump
Cisterns
96
Used in Overhead Feed System
Gravity Supply Tanks
97
Main Components of Gravity Supply Tanks
Supply Pipe
Inlet
Overflow Pipe
Drip Pan
Gate Valves
98
Used in the Air Pressure System
Often used with a pump
Also makes use of a pressure relief valve, which relieves pressure automatically if necessary
Pneumatic Water Tanks
99
Small hot water tank (30-60 cm diameter; 180cm max length)
Made of galvanized steel sheet, copper or stainless steel
Standard working pressure limit is 85 to 150 psi
Range Boiler
100
Large hot water tank (60-130 cm in diameter; 5m max length)
Made of heavy duty material sheets applied with rust proof paint
Standard working pressure limit
is 65 to 100 psi.
Storage Boiler
101
Start or shut down a system
Regulate pressure
Check backflow
Control the direction of water
Valves
102
Locate & distribute valves in such a manner that they can isolate a certain section of the network in case of system ___ (before each branch)
breakdown
103
Locate valves where they are not
too ___ while remaining
___ to users
visible, accessible
104
a.k.a. ‘Full-way Valve’
Used mainly to completely close or completely open the water line (does not control flow of water)
Best suited to the main supply and pump lines wherein operation is infrequent
Gate Valve
105
2 Types of Gate Valves
The Wedge Shape or Tapered Disc
The Double Disc Valve
106
Controls the flow of water with a movable spindle
Can reduce water pressure (throttling)
Only one side of the valve is an inlet
Globe Valve
107
3 Types of Globe Valve
The Plug Type Disc Valve
The Conventional Disc Valve (Ball Type)
The Composition Disc Valve
108
for throttling
The Plug Type Disc Valve
109
for shutting
The Conventional Disc Valve (Ball Type)
110
for steam and hot water
The Composition Disc Valve
111
Main function is to prevent reversal of flow (backflow) in the line
Check Valve
112
4 Types of Check Valve
The Swing Check Valve
The Lift Check Valve
Vertical Check Valve
Horizontal Check Valve
113
Operates in the same manner as
globe valve (disc & seat design)
Used to make a 90° turn in a line
Reduces number of joints
Angle Valve
114
Located at the lower end of the
pumps
Used mainly to prevent loss of
priming of the pumps
a.k.a. ‘Retention Valve’
Foot Valve
115
Used on water systems, heating
systems, compressed air lines &
other pipe lines with excessive
pressure
Safety Valve
116
Operates by the
compression of a
soft packing upon
a metal sheet
Compression Cock
117
Operates with a
round tapering
plug ground to fit
a metal sheet.
‘Hose bibb”-
has grooves fit for
a hose
Key Cock
118
Constructed with a
ball connected to
the handle
Ball Faucet
119
a knocking in the pipes caused when faucets in the lower levels are shut off abruptly or automatically
the force exerted by the decelerating water causes the pipes to shake and rattle
Water Hammer
120
the flowing back of used, contaminated or polluted water from a plumbing fixture or vessel into a water supply pipe due to a negative pressure in such pipe
Back Siphonage
121
the flow of water or other liquids, ,mixtures, or substances into the distributing pipes of a potable supply of water to a tank, plumbing fixture, or other device and the flood level rim of the receptacle.
Back Flow
122
Pipes expand and contract due to continuous changes in temperature
An air space should be provided to
allow for breathing room
Expansion/Contraction
123
Friction occurs when liquid flowing through the pipe makes contact with the pipe enclosures, thus reducing the speed of water flow
There is greater Friction Head Loss with longer pipes, small diameter pipes, and a high number of valves of fittings
Friction Head Loss
124
Water is obtained through a large intake installed on the lake basin & extended into deep water
Direct Pressure Distribution
125
Components of Direct Pressure Distribution
Water basin
Receiving well
Filtration plant
126
Water is taken form a drilled well or underground water INDIRECT
Involves individual special mechanical equipment
Indirect Pressure Distribution
127
pipe from the street water main or
other source of water supply to the
building served
Service Pipe
128
device used to measure in liters or
gallons the amount of water that
passes through the water service
Water Meter
129
the principal water distribution pipe
running from the water meter from
which the various branches and
risers to the fixtures are taken.
Horizontal Supply Main
130
a water supply pipe extending
vertically to one full story or more
to convey water into pipe branches
or plumbing fixtures
Riser
131
the water supply pipe between the
fixture supply pipe and the water-distributing pipe
Fixture Branch
132
used for control, isolation and repair of the water distribution system
Controls & Valves
133
Water is provided by the city water
companies using normal pressure
from public water main
Direct Upfeed
134
When pressure supplied by city water supply is not strong enough
Compressed air is used to raise and push water into the system
Air Pressure System (Pneumatic)
135
Water is pumped into a large
tank on top of the building and is
distributed to the fixtures by
means of gravity
Downfeed (Overheadfeed) or Gravity System
136
Eliminates extra cost of pumps &
tanks.
Upfeed System
137
1. Pressure from water main is
inadequate to supply tall buildings.
2. Water supply is affected during
peak load hour.
Upfeed System
138
1. With compact pumping unit.
2. Sanitary due to air tight water
chamber.
3. economical (smaller pipe diam)
4. less initial construction &
maintenance cost
5. Oxygen in the compressed air
serves as purifying agent.
6. Adaptable air pressure.
7. Air pressure serves zones of
about 10 stores intervals.
Air Pressure System
139
Water supply is affected by loss of
pressure inside the tank in case of
power interruption.
Air Pressure System
140
1. Water is not affected by peak load
hour.
2. Not affected by power
interruptions.
3. Time needed to replace broken
parts does not affect water supply.
Overheadfeed System
141
1. Water is subject to contamination.
2. High maintenance cost.
3. Occupies valuable space.
4. Requires stronger foundation and
other structure to carry additional
load of tank and water.
Overheadfeed System
142
With a continuing network of
pipes to provide constant
circulation of water
Upfeed and Gravity Return System
143
Upfeed and Gravity Return System: Larger pipe is installed at the
___ of the riser & the diminishing
sizes passes through the ___
floors of the building
top; lower
144
Hot water rises on to
the highest point of
the plumbing system
and travels to the
fixtures via gravity
(closed pipe system)
Downfeed and Gravity Return System
145
Downfeed and Gravity Return System: Larger pipe is installed
at the ___ of the
riser & the diminishing
sizes passes
through the ___
floors of the building
bottom; upper
146
For a more efficient circulation of hot water to the upper floor
levels of multi-storey buildings
Pump Circuit System
147
Office Buildings (gallons per persons per hour)
4 to 5
148
School Buildings (gallons per persons per hour)
2 to 3
149
Apartment Buildings (gallons per persons per hour)
8
150
Hotels (gallons per persons per hour)
8 to 10
151
Factories (gallons per persons per hour)
4 to 6
152
Residential (gallons per persons per hour)
10
153
School, Office & Industrial Types (Average Working Load)
25%
154
Apartments & Residences (Average Working Load)
35%
155
Hotels & Restaurants (Average Working Load)
50%
156
2 Types of Water Heating Systems
Hot Water Space Heating System
Hot Water Supply System
157
Water is confined within a system at low temperature
Hot Water Space Heating System
158
Not a closed system which operate on much higher temperature
Hot Water Supply System
159
2 Protection of Hot Water Tank
System Relief Valve
Temperature & Pressure Relief
160
Used for Hot Water Space
Heating System
System Relief Valve
161
Used for Hot Water Supply System
Temperature & Pressure Relief
