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Geography paper 1 case studies > Water cycle > Flashcards

Water cycle Flashcards

1
Q

How much emissions from wildfire in the Amazon? (2003-2015)

A

1 billion tonnes of CO2

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2
Q

How much of the worlds rainforest does the Amazon account for?

A

60%

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3
Q

How much rainforest lost in last 20 years in the Amazon?

A

54 million hectares

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4
Q

What year was the big dry?

A

1996-2016

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5
Q

causes of the big dry?

A

High pressure reduced precipitation, el nino, climate change caused warmer temperatures and changing rainfall patterns

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6
Q

Which area was worst affected by the Big dry?

A

Murray-Darling river catchment

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7
Q

How much of Australia’s produce comes from Murray-Darling catchment?

A

40%

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8
Q

How much did farm GDP fall by during the Big Dry?

A

25%

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9
Q

How much did agricultural income fall by during the Big Dry?

A

46%

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10
Q

How many people lost their jobs because of the Big Dry?

A

Around 100,000 agricultural workers

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11
Q

How many farmers commited suicide because of the big dry?

A

1 male farmer every 4 days

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12
Q

By how much did water bills rise in 2008 Australia?

A

20%

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12
Q

By how much did stream-flows lower in Western Victoria?

A

80%

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13
Q

what % of red river gum trees died throughout the Murray-Darling basin?

A

70%

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13
Q

What were some individual responses to the big dry?

A

Recycling grey water from showers and baths. Farmers could claim 400-600 dollars per fortnight

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14
Q

Local government responses to the big dry?

A

Subsiding rainwater storage for houses. Banning car washing and showers longer than 4 minutes.

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15
Q

National government responses to the big dry?

A

New multi-million dollar desalination plant was built. $1.7 Million a day paid to farmers for drought relief.

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16
Q

What type of drought was the Sahelian drought?

A

Famine drought

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17
Q

What factors exacerbated the effects of the drought?

A

Rain-fed crops account for 95% of agriculture in the Sahel.

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18
Q

How many died because of the Sahelian drought?

A

100,000

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19
Q

In 1991 how many people faced starvation in the Sahel?

A

4.3 million

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20
Q

How does population growth compare to food production?

A

population growing at 3.1 % but food is only increasing by 1.6%

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21
Q

What happened to grain production in Niger, Chad, and Mauritania?

A

went down by almost a third.

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22
Q

What happened to farmers because of the drought?

A

widespread crop failure.

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23
What responses to the drought from charitable organisation?
The WFP sent 30,000 tonnes of grain.
24
What individual responses to the drought?
Many had to migrate away from the agricultural areas to make a living.
25
What year was the Boscastle flood?
2004
26
How did antecedent conditions affect the flooding?
Above average rainfall caused the soil to become saturated before the flood.
27
What caused the flooding in boscastle?
Two opposing air masses met and went up, cause them to condense and release large amount of precipitation.
28
During the storm event how much rain fell?
Estimated 130mm of precipitation.
29
How many rivers burst their banks?
2
30
How many cars were destroyed in the boscastle flood?
50
30
How many properties were flooded because of the boscastle flood?
58
31
What areas were affected by the 2007 floods?
England and Wales
32
Over 3 months in the 2007 Summer how much prec. fell?
400mm (double the average)
33
What was significant about July 2007?
It was the wettest July on record.
34
How many deaths were caused by the flooding of 2007?
12
35
How much did the 2007 flooding cost?
£6 million
36
By how much did river levels rise in 2007?
4.5m above normal levels.
37
Which area was worst affected by the 2007 flooding?
Along the lower Severn where it joins the Avon.
38
What impacts did the 2007 flood have?
homes and business were flooded, water supplies were cut off, and power supplies were damaged.
39
What is the Aral sea?
Lake on the border of Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan
40
What happened at the Aral sea?
During the Soviet union water was extracted for irrigation of Cotton
41
What effect did agriculture have on the Aral sea
Caused the sea to shrink by 80% from 1960-1998
42
Why is cotton monoculture a problem in the Aral sea basin?
Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan's economies are reliant on it.
43
How much water is needed for 1 kg of cotton?
1,000L
44
What happened to the Aral sea when the USSR broke up?
Before the breakup the USSR managed the basin. The problem of the basin was passed off to the 5 countries.
45
What was the Almaty agreement?
An agreement between Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Kazakhstan made in 1992.
46
What were the provisions of the Almaty agreement?
Water resources were to be shared
47
What does the Almaty agreement state is to happen during the summer?
Upstream countries release water downstream for cotton, and in exchange downstream countries give upstream countries oil and gas.
48
What does the Almaty agreement state is to happen during the winter?
Upstream countries may retain water in reservoirs and use it for HEP.
49
In the event of drought what happens to the Almaty agreement?
new agreements must be made
50
How long is the Nile and how many countries does it pass through?
6700 km and 11 countries
51
What are the two tributaries of the Nile
The white Nile and the blue Nile.
52
How much of the flow does the white Nile account for?
30%
53
How many people live in the Nile river basin?
300 million.
54
Why is the Nile important to Egypt?
Egypt relies on the Nile for 95% of its water needs
55
What is the Grand Ethiopian renaissance dam?
$5 billion dam costing standing at 170m tall.
56
How much will the GERD decrease the flows of the blue Nile?
filling the reservoir will decrease flows of the Blue Nile by 25%
57
Why is the South-North transfer project necessary?
to redistribute surplus water from the south to the north.
58
what type of engineering is the south-north transfer project?
hard engineering
59
how much will the south north transfer project cost?
100 billion USD
60
How much water will the scheme transfer?
45 billion cubic metres
61
How does the south-north transfer project work?
Three canals three canals that run 1300 km link the Yangtze, Yellow, Han, and Huai rivers.
62
Why are critics concerned about the South- North transfer project?
There is a lot of uncertainty with the effect of resettlement, worsening water quality.
63
what is wrong with the Yellow and Yangtze rivers?
the Yellow river is undrinkable and the Yangtze is severely polluted.
64
Why is water self sufficiency important in Singapore?
it is an island city-state with no access to freshwater lakes
65
How much of the cities water supply is from rain?
20%
66
What facilities does Singapore have for its water collection?
19 freshwater reservoirs, 9 water treatment plants, and 17 reservoirs for purified water.
67
What did the city open in 2002?
A production plant for recycled water, which provides 30% of the city's water.
68
When did Singapore open its first desalination plant?
2005 and this accounts for 10% of the country's water supply
69
How is water consumption kept low in Singapore?
through campaigns and economic incentives
70
How much water is lost in Singapore through spillage?
only 5%
71
What are Singapore's goals for the future?
to become completely self-sufficient for water.
72
What will be Singapores water mix in the future?
40% from recycling, 30% from desalination, and 20% from rainwater collection

Geography paper 1 case studies (4 decks)

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