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Physical Geog > Water Cycle > Flashcards

Water Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

Solar energy

A

The driving force of evaporation and transpiration. Water vapour wheee is rises upwards, cools and condenses to form clouds

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2
Q

Gravitational potential energy

A

Idea that water ‘accelerates’ under gravity, thus transporting water towards rivers by surface runoff, through flow

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3
Q

Hydrological cycle

A

-The movement, or transform of water through the major stores of the global system
-human activities are having an increasing impact upon the form and function
-drainage basins are the major transfer system

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4
Q

Drainage basin

A

The total area drained by a river and its associated tributaries

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5
Q

Source

A

Starting point of river/ tributary. With saturated, impermeable soil

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6
Q

Mouth

A

End of a river, point where it meets the sea

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7
Q

Estuary

A

When the lower mouth is flooded

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8
Q

Tributary

A

Smaller stream or river joining a larger stream or river

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9
Q

Confluence

A

Where tributary’s and rivers join/meet

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10
Q

Watershed

A

Area on top of drainage basin. Area of high ground that separates two adjacent drainage basins.

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11
Q

Infiltration capacity

A

The maximum rate at which soil is capable of absorbing water in a given condition

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12
Q

Biosphere

A

Vegetation store

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13
Q

Hydrosphere

A

-ocean store
-surface store, ice, rivers, lakes

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14
Q

Lithosphere

A

Groundwater, store

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15
Q

Atmosphere

A

Gases surrounding the earth

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16
Q

Precipitation

A

Any liquid that forms in the atmosphere and falls back to earth

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17
Q

Aquifers

A

Water bearing rocks, holds groundwater

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18
Q

System

A

A way of modelling how water moves in, through and out of the local drainage basin

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19
Q

Infiltration

A

Water seeps into the ground

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20
Q

Percolation

A

Water going through the bedrock- further infiltration.
Water flows. Vertically through the soil and. Rocks

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21
Q

Groundwater storage

A

Gives rivers their water. At the bottom of the ground
Water flows horizontally. Through the rock into the river

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22
Q

Transpiration

A

Water vapour is released through the. Stomata in the leaves

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23
Q

Interception

A

Water is stored on leaves and branches of vegetation

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24
Q

Throughflow

A

Water flows horizontally through the soil into the river

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25
Q

Evaporation

A

Water turns from water droplets into water vapour

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26
Q

Surface run off

A

Water flows horizontally over the land into the river

27
Q

Antecedent weather conditions

A

Previous weather

28
Q

Topography

A

Posh word for relief

29
Q

Global water budget

A

Is the difference between the inputs and outputs of water in a given area

30
Q

Global water balance

A

Is the amount of water transferred by surface runoff from land masses to oceans, ensuring that excess of water falling o ver land masses is returned to oceans

31
Q

Water residence time

A

Is the amount of time water stays within a particular store

32
Q

Global extremes

A

Different climatic regions vary in the nature and size of their inputs, transfers and flows of water.

33
Q

Cyrosphere

A

the frozen water part of the Earth system

34
Q

Residence time

A

Average time a molecule of water will spend in one of the stores

35
Q

Climate change on residency times

A

-Causes a rise in sea levels
-causes everything to be warmer
Therefore more water is evaporated, decreasing residence time
-residence time in atmosphere will shorten as it will be at its capacity more often as there is more evaporation

36
Q

Fluxes

A

A stream of water

37
Q

Discharge

A

Quantity of water that passes a given point on a stream with a given time

38
Q

Rising limb

A

-Determined by level of surface run off
-amount of surface run off

39
Q

What is a storm hydrograph

A

Amount of discharge after rainfall

40
Q

Falling limb

A

-amount of through flow
-decrease after the peak discharge

41
Q

Lag time

A

Time between peak rainfall and peak discharge in a hydrograph

42
Q

Water year

A

-1st October - 30 September
-what water companies use at water year

43
Q

Soil moisture deficit

A

When soil moisture has been used so we’re borrowing more than what we have stored
Eventually all the available water stored in the soil will have been used up

44
Q

Soil moisture recharge

A

When precipitation is greater than evapotranspiration the pores of the soil are refilled with water

45
Q

Soil moisture surplus

A

When the soil becomes saturated, excess water will have difficulty infiltrating into the ground. If it cannot infiltrate into the soil it will run over the surface as overland flow

46
Q

Soil moisture utilisation

A

When evapotranspiration is greater than precipitation there is a reduction in the amount of water stored with the soil. The amounted of water stored in the soil is also been reduced because some of the water is been transferred as through flow to the river

47
Q

Wet seasons

A

Precipitation is greater than evapotranspiration = a water surplus (October to April). Therefore ground stores fill with water leading to increased surface run off, higher discharge and higher river levels (surplus)

48
Q

Water budget

A

Balance between inputs(precipitation) and outputs(evapotranspiration)
Sometimes in deficits, sometimes in surplus
Can be influenced by seasons and climate

49
Q

River regime

A

-How discharge in a river fluctuates over time (annually, seasonly)
-water budget has an effect on rivers regime.

50
Q

Field capacity

A

How long it takes to recharge
Point at which you have reached soil moisture recharge

51
Q

Relief/orographic rainfall

A
52
Q

Frontal rainfall

A
53
Q

Conventional rainfall

A
54
Q

Groundwater flooding

A

-ground is saturated
-infiltration can’t happen
-antecedent conditions

55
Q

Surface water flooding

A

-if the ground is impermeable
-flash flood
-urban areas where water can’t infiltrate
-intense rainfall has insufficient time to infiltrate the soil, so flows overland

56
Q

Flash flooding

A

-an exceptionally short lag time- often minutes or hours

57
Q

Physical causes of flooding

A

-relief
-drainage density
-natural disasters
-previous weather conditions
-snowmelt
-rock type
-vegetation
-amount and type of rain

58
Q

800 gallons of water per day are required to produce enough food for one person

A
59
Q

Integrated drainage basin management scheme

A

Looking after a river so everyone in each state can have their necessary needs of water

60
Q

Grey water

A

Reusing water that’s already used such as washing a car or watering plants

61
Q

Transbounday rivers

A

Those that run through multiple countries and thus shared,often cross international borders

62
Q

Water stress

A

Below 1700m2 per person

63
Q

Water scarcity

A

Below 1000m2 per person, affects environment, personal wellbeing, health etc

Physical Geog (6 decks)

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