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geography unit 3 > water conflicts > Flashcards

water conflicts Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the inputs of the hydrological cycle and define them

A

precipitation- rain and snow,
interception- when precipitation is stopped by vegetation, runoff- when precipitation flows over land to rivers/sea
percolation- flow of subsurface water though pores
infiltration- movement of water from ground to soil

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2
Q

what are the outputs of the hydrological cycle and define them

A

evaporation- when liquid turns to vapour,
transpiration- water is absorbed by roots and transferred to leaves where it evaporates through pores
river channel discharge- entry of run off and precipitation into rivers and its flow to the ocean

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3
Q

what are the stores in the hydrological cycle

A

ocean, air, land, clouds, snow and ice

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4
Q

why should fresh water be viewed as a finite resource

A

only 2.8% fresh water, of which 2.4% is in the form of ice caps so inaccessible

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5
Q

why is it hard to believe that water is finite

A

70% of the earth’s surface is covered in water

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6
Q

how does geology act as a physical control to the hydrological cycle

A

Rocks under a river basin are impermeable so there will be runoff

Permeable soils/ rocks allow water to pass through into underground drainage systems (percolation)

Aquifers are made of chalk and porous sandstones and can store vast quantities underground

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7
Q

how can climate act as a physical control to the hydrological cycle

A

Regions near the equator have high levels of precipitation

Rainfall varies within seasons

High mountains with snowpack hold vast reserves of water which is released in late spring/ summer

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8
Q

how can river systems act as a physical control to the hydrological cycle

A

store lots of water and transfer it across continents

river flow increases downstream

seasonal changes affects discharge

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9
Q

what is water stress

A

when demand for water exceeds the amount available

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10
Q

what is physical scarcity

A

when demand exceeds supply

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11
Q

what is economic scarcity

A

when people cannot afford water, even when its readily available

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12
Q

what are the main uses of water

A 
agriculture (75%)
industry (20%)
domestic use (5%)
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13
Q

why is demand for water increasing

A

urban population growth is expected to more than double between 1995 and 2025

developing countries have more demand for agricultural and industrial water

developed countries consume 10x more water daily (250 cubic meters a year compared to 10 cubic meters)

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14
Q

why can turbidity be a problem for water

A

high turbidity can indicate ineffective coagulation at the treatment works, corroding water or contamination

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15
Q

why can the PH be a problem for water

A

if its too acidic it will corrode the pipes

if its too alkaline it will deposit and slow the flow

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16
Q

why can calcium content be a problem for water

A

hard water will not form a lather leading to scaling of distribution piped

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17
Q

what is the maximum limit of pesticides

A

0.5 ug/l

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18
Q

why are heavy metals a problem for water

A

damage to the nervous system

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19
Q

why is dissolved oxygen a problem for water

A

reduced levels indicate contamination of organic matter

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20
Q

why is cl2 retention a problem with water

A

excess chlorine must be removed to avoid taste problems

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21
Q

why is e coli a problem for water

A

it must be tested to ensure water is being treated efficiently

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22
Q

who are the political key players

A

international organisations (UN)
government departments (DIFID)
regional and local councils
pressure groups

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23
Q

who are the economic key players

A 
world bank
utility companies
agriculture
industry
TNCs and businesses
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24
Q

who are the social key players

A

individuals
indigenous groups
health officials and scientists
NGOs (water aid)

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25
Q

who are the environmental key players

A 
conservationists/ scientists
international organisations (FAO)
some NGOs (WWF)
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26
Q

outline the role of DIFID

A

provides aid for 90 countries

manages Britains aid to poor nations

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27
Q

what is an example of DIFIDs work

A

Improve the water supply in southern Iraq

1.5 million people live in Basra of which 3/4 don’t have access to piped water so DFID funded the construction of a new training centre (which employed 120 local tradesmen) for locals to develop skills such as leak detection which will improve efficiency

28
Q

Explain the issues of privatisation of water in El Alto, Bolivia

A

issues:
The connection fee is a years wage, wells are empty, water is contaminated

conflict:
suez (french TNC) only connects those who can pay and although coverage is 98% many can’t afford the fee

29
Q

Explain the issues of privatisation of water in Rajasthan, India

A

issues:

wells are dry due to coca cola plants, water taken from the cycle never return

30
Q

Explain the issues of privatisation of water in Detroit, America

A

issues:

there have been over 40,000 houses cut off in a year due to the increasing expense

31
Q

Outline the world’s water scarcity

A

1/3 of the world are in water scarcity

A gallon of water is expected to be more expensive than a gallon of gas in 25 years

Almost 4,000 children a day die from unclean water

32
Q

Why is salinity an issue in the sultan sea

A

problem:
salt levels are 25% higher than the pacific ocean

cause:
farm drainage, natural salts concentrate over time by evaporation

consequence:
death of fresh water birds and fish, resort towns are becoming abandoned

33
Q

why is nutrient load a problem in the sultan sea

A

problem:
widespread eutrophication

cause:
farm fertilisers, sewage, industry waste

consequence:
algal blooms reduce dissolved oxygen so fish die (only one edible fish remains- tilapia)

34
Q

why is pollution an issue in the sultan sea

A

problem:
pesticides, heavy metal

cause:
pollution from fields and drains

consequence:
selenium is a human health hazard and sewage is a hazard to swimmers

35
Q

what is the main issues at the colorado river

A

water is over allocated and scarce

70% of land is privately owned but 75% of animals are publicly owned so not getting irrigated

increased oil and gas industry is worsening the proble

36
Q

what is the colorado river compact aiming to achieve

A

upper basin states must use less water to leave some for lower basin regions

37
Q

what are the federal government doing to reduce the problems at the colorado river

A

actions:
In 2004, SNWA achieved it’s target of 25% less water usage per person

futures:
Developing groundwater resources in snake country which can be extracted and transferred to Las Vegas to provide water for 100,000 houses

38
Q

what actions have been taken in the colorado river compact and what futures do they predict

A

actions:
The government ordered california to reduce water taken from 6.4 to 5.4 between 1999 and 2015

futures:
desalination plant on the californian coast is expected to cost 9.1 billion

39
Q

what are the southern nevada water authority trying to achieve to reduce the issues of the colorado river

A

reducing use from 345 gallons a day (1990) to 200 gallons per person, per day

40
Q

what are the human factors contributing to increased water supply in America

A

increased population,
inefficient irrigation,
2/3 live in the south (dry)

41
Q

what are the physical factors leading to increased water supply in America

A

south/ west receive less than 100mm due to a snow shadow effect from the Sierra Nevada mountains,
varying river flow in the fourth,
high pressure system over the pacific blocks moist air,
El Nino/ La Nina

42
Q

what is the role of the federal gov (washington) at reducing the water related issues in the USA

A

ordered california to cut its withdrawal to the legal allocation by 2015

43
Q

what is the role of the southern nevada water authority at reducing water related issues in the USA

A

sets targets- reducing water use by 25%

uses discount coupons to conserve

44
Q

what is the role of the Salton sea authority

A

water treatment plants,

open spaces to increase and use from 4 to 50%

45
Q

what us the role of the US environmental protection agency at reducing the water related issues in the USA

A

contributed $25 million to improve sewage treatment in mexicalli

46
Q

what is the role of conservation agencies at reducing water related issues in the uSA

A

giving views and opinions

47
Q

what is the role of the central valley project

A

moves water to cities in the south

48
Q

what is the role of santa cruz

A

desalination

49
Q

what is hydro politics

A

when countries compete for water so international agreements have to be drawn up regarding how to best manage the water supply

50
Q

what are the helsinki rules

A

an example of water diplomacy when in 1966 there was a legal agreements about the fair use of international waterways such as a river used by 2 countries

51
Q

what is the problem in India and Bangladesh

A

The ganges is a transboundary river which is polluted by india and so Bangladesh’s use is deprived which affects irrigation and food production as well as causing erosion of the delta

outcome:
there was an agreement in 1990 about sharing the Ganges

52
Q

what are the problems in China

A

NE china is prone to flooding and drought which is a threat to the 2.5% annual growth,
Tianjin is located on the cost and has a major port with heavy industry

53
Q

outline the water supply in china

A

beijing withdraws 60% of water from aquifers

tianjin relies on ground water for 30% of water as Beijing take’s its water

surface water supply depends on 5 major rivers which enter the Hai Hi river system

soon 186 river side cities will no longer be able to rely on river water

80% of rivers no longer support fish

Yellow river only flows for 165 days a year due to 20,000 riverside chemical plants

54
Q

what is the three gorges dam

A

world’s largest hydro-electric scheme to provide clean energy to support growth as well as increase water storage and transfer to countries which need it the most, it will also reduce reliance on coal

55
Q

what is the south north project

A

it aims to even out the availability of river by building 3 calls which run 1,300km across china and link the four major rivers

56
Q

what are the benefits of the three gorges dam

A

social:
open inferior region to development

economic:
responsible for 22% of GDP

environmental:
save 50m tonnes of coal a year
blocks 10 million tonnes of pollutants

time:
already built

57
Q

what are the benefits of the south north project

A

social:
40% local authorities change domestic and industrial uses

economic:
government supported 60% of cost

environmental:
improves irrigation, pollution and treatment

58
Q

what are costs of the three gorges dam

A

social:
9 million displaced people
drowned 3 cities

economic:
cost $37 billion

environmental:
excess silt
drowned 100,000 hectares of land

time:
takes 25 years to become profitable

59
Q

what are the costs of the south north project

A

social:
resettlement issues

economic:
cost $62 billion

environmental:
3 canals may damage wildlife
worse quality water

time:
it takes 50 years to complete (started in 2003)

60
Q

outline the water conflict in Turkey

A

The varied climate results in regional variations in rainfall and summer drought n Anatolia as well as shortages in the main cities (istanbul)

61
Q

outline the GAP project

A

creating dams on the `Euphris and tigris in order to increase water supply to diversify cash crops and stop the migrating workforce

This is needed because the existing Hisu dam is regularly flooding some of the oldest towns and has put 80,000 people out of their homes

62
Q

what are the problems of the gap project

A

Syria and Iraq are getting less water input

Syria share reduces by 40% and Iraqs by 60%

63
Q

who are the key players in the GAP project

A

world bank- refused to fund the Dam
Environmentalists- protesting
Austrian swiss and german companies- formed a consortium to build the illisu dam

64
Q

outline the water conflict in Israel

A

Turkey’s gap project is directing their water away and Isreal feels Syrias poor water management could contaminate lake kinneret

65
Q

what are the proposed solutions in Isreal

A

water conservation and recycling and selling desalinated water to the Gaza strip

geography unit 3 (3 decks)

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